Comparison of Intra-Annual Xylem and Phloem Formation of <i>Picea crassifolia</i> Stands at Two Latitudes in Northwest China

Understanding the changes in xylem and phloem formation of trees and their relationship along latitudes are important for evaluating and predicting how fragile forests may respond to climate change; however, corresponding studies are still relatively scarce. This study investigated the intra-annual...

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Autores principales:	Biyun Yu, Xuebin Li, Ping Zhao, Jianguo Huang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	xylem formation phloem formation critical timing xylem–phloem ratio <i>Picea crassifolia</i> Plant ecology QK900-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5b36b31ba6ac4d5789f2d829241e7903
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:5b36b31ba6ac4d5789f2d829241e7903
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5b36b31ba6ac4d5789f2d829241e79032021-11-25T17:37:22ZComparison of Intra-Annual Xylem and Phloem Formation of <i>Picea crassifolia</i> Stands at Two Latitudes in Northwest China10.3390/f121114451999-4907https://doaj.org/article/5b36b31ba6ac4d5789f2d829241e79032021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/11/1445https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4907Understanding the changes in xylem and phloem formation of trees and their relationship along latitudes are important for evaluating and predicting how fragile forests may respond to climate change; however, corresponding studies are still relatively scarce. This study investigated the intra-annual dynamics of xylem and phloem formation of <i>Picea crassifolia</i> and their relationship at two latitudes of arid and semi-arid forests in China. The results showed that both xylem and phloem formation varied at different latitudes. Xylem formation at the low-latitude site (Luoshan) started two weeks earlier than that at the high-latitude site (Helanshan) but ended one week later, resulting in an extended growing season at the low-latitude site. Phloem formation preceded cambium activity and xylogenesis at both sites by 24.6 days in Luoshan, which had warmer conditions, and by 17.3 days in Helanshan. In Luoshan, compared to Helanshan, there occurred significantly more enlarging and wall thickening cells, during (relatively wet) June–August, but significantly fewer enlarging and wall thickening cells as well as total xylem cells, during (relatively dry) April–May. Sample trees produced significantly fewer early phloem cells during the early growing season (April–May) in Luoshan, but generated significantly more late phloem cells during the late growing season in Helanshan. Additionally, different trade-offs between xylem and phloem formation were observed at different sites. The longer duration of early phloem formation might have shortened the duration of xylem lignification in Helanshan; in Luoshan, the date that late phloem reached its maximum growth rate was significantly positively correlated with the date when xylem lignification ended. The results revealed the plasticity of xylem and phloem formation under changing environmental conditions and a complex and site-specific relationship between xylem and phloem formation. These findings could help us better understand and predict the future growth of arid and semi-arid forests in China in response to climate change.Biyun YuXuebin LiPing ZhaoJianguo HuangMDPI AGarticlexylem formationphloem formationcritical timingxylem–phloem ratio<i>Picea crassifolia</i>Plant ecologyQK900-989ENForests, Vol 12, Iss 1445, p 1445 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	xylem formation phloem formation critical timing xylem–phloem ratio <i>Picea crassifolia</i> Plant ecology QK900-989
spellingShingle	xylem formation phloem formation critical timing xylem–phloem ratio <i>Picea crassifolia</i> Plant ecology QK900-989 Biyun Yu Xuebin Li Ping Zhao Jianguo Huang Comparison of Intra-Annual Xylem and Phloem Formation of <i>Picea crassifolia</i> Stands at Two Latitudes in Northwest China
description	Understanding the changes in xylem and phloem formation of trees and their relationship along latitudes are important for evaluating and predicting how fragile forests may respond to climate change; however, corresponding studies are still relatively scarce. This study investigated the intra-annual dynamics of xylem and phloem formation of <i>Picea crassifolia</i> and their relationship at two latitudes of arid and semi-arid forests in China. The results showed that both xylem and phloem formation varied at different latitudes. Xylem formation at the low-latitude site (Luoshan) started two weeks earlier than that at the high-latitude site (Helanshan) but ended one week later, resulting in an extended growing season at the low-latitude site. Phloem formation preceded cambium activity and xylogenesis at both sites by 24.6 days in Luoshan, which had warmer conditions, and by 17.3 days in Helanshan. In Luoshan, compared to Helanshan, there occurred significantly more enlarging and wall thickening cells, during (relatively wet) June–August, but significantly fewer enlarging and wall thickening cells as well as total xylem cells, during (relatively dry) April–May. Sample trees produced significantly fewer early phloem cells during the early growing season (April–May) in Luoshan, but generated significantly more late phloem cells during the late growing season in Helanshan. Additionally, different trade-offs between xylem and phloem formation were observed at different sites. The longer duration of early phloem formation might have shortened the duration of xylem lignification in Helanshan; in Luoshan, the date that late phloem reached its maximum growth rate was significantly positively correlated with the date when xylem lignification ended. The results revealed the plasticity of xylem and phloem formation under changing environmental conditions and a complex and site-specific relationship between xylem and phloem formation. These findings could help us better understand and predict the future growth of arid and semi-arid forests in China in response to climate change.
format	article
author	Biyun Yu Xuebin Li Ping Zhao Jianguo Huang
author_facet	Biyun Yu Xuebin Li Ping Zhao Jianguo Huang
author_sort	Biyun Yu
title	Comparison of Intra-Annual Xylem and Phloem Formation of <i>Picea crassifolia</i> Stands at Two Latitudes in Northwest China
title_short	Comparison of Intra-Annual Xylem and Phloem Formation of <i>Picea crassifolia</i> Stands at Two Latitudes in Northwest China
title_full	Comparison of Intra-Annual Xylem and Phloem Formation of <i>Picea crassifolia</i> Stands at Two Latitudes in Northwest China
title_fullStr	Comparison of Intra-Annual Xylem and Phloem Formation of <i>Picea crassifolia</i> Stands at Two Latitudes in Northwest China
title_full_unstemmed	Comparison of Intra-Annual Xylem and Phloem Formation of <i>Picea crassifolia</i> Stands at Two Latitudes in Northwest China
title_sort	comparison of intra-annual xylem and phloem formation of <i>picea crassifolia</i> stands at two latitudes in northwest china
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/5b36b31ba6ac4d5789f2d829241e7903
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Comparison of Intra-Annual Xylem and Phloem Formation of <i>Picea crassifolia</i> Stands at Two Latitudes in Northwest China

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