A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns

Abstract We conducted a comprehensive overall tap water hardness assessment for Japan. Tap water was collected from 665 points throughout Japan, and its standing position was quantitatively clarified by prefecture. The mean and median hardness of tap water in Japan was 48.9 ± 25.8 (1σ SD) and 46.0 m...

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Autores principales:	Mayumi Hori, Katsumi Shozugawa, Kenji Sugimori, Yuichiro Watanabe
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5b48db59b03544ac9308d138233c1b9b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5b48db59b03544ac9308d138233c1b9b2021-12-02T18:18:33ZA survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns10.1038/s41598-021-92949-82045-2322https://doaj.org/article/5b48db59b03544ac9308d138233c1b9b2021-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92949-8https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract We conducted a comprehensive overall tap water hardness assessment for Japan. Tap water was collected from 665 points throughout Japan, and its standing position was quantitatively clarified by prefecture. The mean and median hardness of tap water in Japan was 48.9 ± 25.8 (1σ SD) and 46.0 mg/L, respectively. Compared with 27 other countries, Japan exhibited soft water with low-mineral content. Water hardness tended to be high in the Kanto region and low in the Hokkaido and Tohoku regions. The impact of the distribution system’s water pipes on tap water hardness is discussed using a unified index to evaluate variations in hardness from raw to tap water. A comparison of the variations in hardness showed that hardness variations from raw to purified water and from purified to tap water exhibited a 20% variation range. Furthermore, tap water hardness and its fluctuations in any region of Japan were found to be caused by raw water hardness. It was demonstrated that the distribution pipe system had no large impacts on water hardness.Mayumi HoriKatsumi ShozugawaKenji SugimoriYuichiro WatanabeNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Mayumi Hori Katsumi Shozugawa Kenji Sugimori Yuichiro Watanabe A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns
description	Abstract We conducted a comprehensive overall tap water hardness assessment for Japan. Tap water was collected from 665 points throughout Japan, and its standing position was quantitatively clarified by prefecture. The mean and median hardness of tap water in Japan was 48.9 ± 25.8 (1σ SD) and 46.0 mg/L, respectively. Compared with 27 other countries, Japan exhibited soft water with low-mineral content. Water hardness tended to be high in the Kanto region and low in the Hokkaido and Tohoku regions. The impact of the distribution system’s water pipes on tap water hardness is discussed using a unified index to evaluate variations in hardness from raw to tap water. A comparison of the variations in hardness showed that hardness variations from raw to purified water and from purified to tap water exhibited a 20% variation range. Furthermore, tap water hardness and its fluctuations in any region of Japan were found to be caused by raw water hardness. It was demonstrated that the distribution pipe system had no large impacts on water hardness.
format	article
author	Mayumi Hori Katsumi Shozugawa Kenji Sugimori Yuichiro Watanabe
author_facet	Mayumi Hori Katsumi Shozugawa Kenji Sugimori Yuichiro Watanabe
author_sort	Mayumi Hori
title	A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns
title_short	A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns
title_full	A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns
title_fullStr	A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns
title_full_unstemmed	A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns
title_sort	survey of monitoring tap water hardness in japan and its distribution patterns
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/5b48db59b03544ac9308d138233c1b9b
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A survey of monitoring tap water hardness in Japan and its distribution patterns

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