The mechanisms of graphene-based materials-induced programmed cell death: a review of apoptosis, autophagy, and programmed necrosis

Lingling Ou,1,2 Shaoqiang Lin,2 Bin Song,1 Jia Liu,1 Renfa Lai,2 Longquan Shao1 1Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Peopl...

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Autores principales:	Ou L, Lin S, Song B, Liu J, Lai R, Shao L
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2017
Materias:	Graphene based materials programmed cell death apoptosis autophagy programmed necrosis signalling pathway Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5ba2f7bd56e14076beef3ad50915bf5a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5ba2f7bd56e14076beef3ad50915bf5a2021-12-02T05:02:59ZThe mechanisms of graphene-based materials-induced programmed cell death: a review of apoptosis, autophagy, and programmed necrosis1178-2013https://doaj.org/article/5ba2f7bd56e14076beef3ad50915bf5a2017-09-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/the-mechanisms-of-graphene-based-materials-induced-programmed-cell-de-peer-reviewed-article-IJNhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013Lingling Ou,1,2 Shaoqiang Lin,2 Bin Song,1 Jia Liu,1 Renfa Lai,2 Longquan Shao1 1Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China Abstract: Graphene-based materials (GBMs) are widely used in many fields, including biomedicine. To date, much attention had been paid to the potential unexpected toxic effects of GBMs. Here, we review the recent literature regarding the impact of GBMs on programmed cell death (PCD). Apoptosis, autophagy, and programmed necrosis are three major PCDs. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the mitochondrial pathways and MAPKs (JNK, ERK, and p38)- and TGF-β-related signaling pathways are implicated in GBMs-induced apoptosis. Autophagy, unlike apoptosis and necroptosis which are already clear cell death types, plays a vital pro-survival role in cell homeostasis, so its role in cell death should be carefully considered. However, GBMs always induce unrestrained autophagy accelerating cell death. GBMs trigger autophagy through inducing autophagosome accumulation and lysosome impairment. Mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, TLRs signaling pathways, and p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways participate in GBMs-induced autophagy. Programmed necrosis can be activated by RIP kinases, PARP, and TLR-4 signaling in macrophages after GBMs exposure. Though apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis are distinguished by some characteristics, their numerous signaling pathways comprise an interconnected network and correlate with each other, such as the TLRs, p53 signaling pathways, and the Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 interaction. A better understanding of the mechanisms of PCD induced by GBMs may allow for a thorough study of the toxicology of GBMs and a more precise determination of the consequences of human exposure to GBMs. These determinations will also benefit safety assessments of the biomedical and therapeutic applications of GBMs. Keywords: graphene based materials, cell toxicity, programmed cell death, mechanismsOu LLin SSong BLiu JLai RShao LDove Medical PressarticleGraphene based materialsprogrammed cell deathapoptosisautophagyprogrammed necrosissignalling pathwayMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol Volume 12, Pp 6633-6646 (2017)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Graphene based materials programmed cell death apoptosis autophagy programmed necrosis signalling pathway Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	Graphene based materials programmed cell death apoptosis autophagy programmed necrosis signalling pathway Medicine (General) R5-920 Ou L Lin S Song B Liu J Lai R Shao L The mechanisms of graphene-based materials-induced programmed cell death: a review of apoptosis, autophagy, and programmed necrosis
description	Lingling Ou,1,2 Shaoqiang Lin,2 Bin Song,1 Jia Liu,1 Renfa Lai,2 Longquan Shao1 1Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China Abstract: Graphene-based materials (GBMs) are widely used in many fields, including biomedicine. To date, much attention had been paid to the potential unexpected toxic effects of GBMs. Here, we review the recent literature regarding the impact of GBMs on programmed cell death (PCD). Apoptosis, autophagy, and programmed necrosis are three major PCDs. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the mitochondrial pathways and MAPKs (JNK, ERK, and p38)- and TGF-β-related signaling pathways are implicated in GBMs-induced apoptosis. Autophagy, unlike apoptosis and necroptosis which are already clear cell death types, plays a vital pro-survival role in cell homeostasis, so its role in cell death should be carefully considered. However, GBMs always induce unrestrained autophagy accelerating cell death. GBMs trigger autophagy through inducing autophagosome accumulation and lysosome impairment. Mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, TLRs signaling pathways, and p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways participate in GBMs-induced autophagy. Programmed necrosis can be activated by RIP kinases, PARP, and TLR-4 signaling in macrophages after GBMs exposure. Though apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis are distinguished by some characteristics, their numerous signaling pathways comprise an interconnected network and correlate with each other, such as the TLRs, p53 signaling pathways, and the Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 interaction. A better understanding of the mechanisms of PCD induced by GBMs may allow for a thorough study of the toxicology of GBMs and a more precise determination of the consequences of human exposure to GBMs. These determinations will also benefit safety assessments of the biomedical and therapeutic applications of GBMs. Keywords: graphene based materials, cell toxicity, programmed cell death, mechanisms
format	article
author	Ou L Lin S Song B Liu J Lai R Shao L
author_facet	Ou L Lin S Song B Liu J Lai R Shao L
author_sort	Ou L
title	The mechanisms of graphene-based materials-induced programmed cell death: a review of apoptosis, autophagy, and programmed necrosis
title_short	The mechanisms of graphene-based materials-induced programmed cell death: a review of apoptosis, autophagy, and programmed necrosis
title_full	The mechanisms of graphene-based materials-induced programmed cell death: a review of apoptosis, autophagy, and programmed necrosis
title_fullStr	The mechanisms of graphene-based materials-induced programmed cell death: a review of apoptosis, autophagy, and programmed necrosis
title_full_unstemmed	The mechanisms of graphene-based materials-induced programmed cell death: a review of apoptosis, autophagy, and programmed necrosis
title_sort	mechanisms of graphene-based materials-induced programmed cell death: a review of apoptosis, autophagy, and programmed necrosis
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2017
url	https://doaj.org/article/5ba2f7bd56e14076beef3ad50915bf5a
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The mechanisms of graphene-based materials-induced programmed cell death: a review of apoptosis, autophagy, and programmed necrosis

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