Biofabrication of a novel biomolecule-assisted reduced graphene oxide: an excellent biocompatible nanomaterial

Xi-Feng Zhang,1 Sangiliyandi Gurunathan2 1College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Abstract: Graphene has bee...

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Autores principales:	Zhang X, Gurunathan S
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2016
Materias:	Biocompatibility graphene oxide nicotinamide reduced graphene oxide tight junction proteins alkaline phosphatase Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5c1b22b206c140c89168e604c7c052f9
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5c1b22b206c140c89168e604c7c052f92021-12-02T03:11:39ZBiofabrication of a novel biomolecule-assisted reduced graphene oxide: an excellent biocompatible nanomaterial1178-2013https://doaj.org/article/5c1b22b206c140c89168e604c7c052f92016-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/biofabrication-of-a-novel-biomolecule-assisted-reduced-graphene-oxide--peer-reviewed-article-IJNhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013Xi-Feng Zhang,1 Sangiliyandi Gurunathan2 1College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Abstract: Graphene has been shown much interest, both in academics and industry due to its extraordinary physical, chemical, and biological proprieties. It shows great promises in biotechnological and biomedical applications as an antibacterial and anticancer agent, nanocarrier, sensor, etc. However, many studies demonstrated the toxicity of graphene in several cell lines, which is an obstacle to its use in biomedical applications. In this study, to improve the biocompatibility of graphene, we used nicotinamide (NAM) as a reducing and stabilizing agent to catalyze the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The resulted smaller-sized GO (NAM-rGO) showed excellent biocompatibility with mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, evidenced by various cellular assays. Furthermore, NAM-rGO had no effect on mitochondrial membrane permeability and caspase-3 activity compared to GO. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis allowed us to identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for NAM-rGO-induced biocompatibility. NAM-rGO significantly induced the expression of genes encoding tight junction proteins (TJPs) such as zona occludens-1 (Tjp1) and claudins (Cldn3) without any effect on the expression of cytoskeleton proteins. Furthermore, NAM-rGO enhances the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) gene, and it does this in a time-dependent manner. Overall, our study depicted the molecular mechanisms underlying NAM-rGO biocompatibility depending on upregulation of TJPs and ALP. This potential quality of graphene could be used in diverse applications including tissue regeneration and tissue engineering. Keywords: biocompatibility, graphene oxide, nicotinamide, reduced graphene oxide, tight junction proteins, alkaline phosphataseZhang XGurunathan SDove Medical PressarticleBiocompatibilitygraphene oxidenicotinamidereduced graphene oxidetight junction proteinsalkaline phosphataseMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol Volume 11, Pp 6635-6649 (2016)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Biocompatibility graphene oxide nicotinamide reduced graphene oxide tight junction proteins alkaline phosphatase Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	Biocompatibility graphene oxide nicotinamide reduced graphene oxide tight junction proteins alkaline phosphatase Medicine (General) R5-920 Zhang X Gurunathan S Biofabrication of a novel biomolecule-assisted reduced graphene oxide: an excellent biocompatible nanomaterial
description	Xi-Feng Zhang,1 Sangiliyandi Gurunathan2 1College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Abstract: Graphene has been shown much interest, both in academics and industry due to its extraordinary physical, chemical, and biological proprieties. It shows great promises in biotechnological and biomedical applications as an antibacterial and anticancer agent, nanocarrier, sensor, etc. However, many studies demonstrated the toxicity of graphene in several cell lines, which is an obstacle to its use in biomedical applications. In this study, to improve the biocompatibility of graphene, we used nicotinamide (NAM) as a reducing and stabilizing agent to catalyze the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The resulted smaller-sized GO (NAM-rGO) showed excellent biocompatibility with mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, evidenced by various cellular assays. Furthermore, NAM-rGO had no effect on mitochondrial membrane permeability and caspase-3 activity compared to GO. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis allowed us to identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for NAM-rGO-induced biocompatibility. NAM-rGO significantly induced the expression of genes encoding tight junction proteins (TJPs) such as zona occludens-1 (Tjp1) and claudins (Cldn3) without any effect on the expression of cytoskeleton proteins. Furthermore, NAM-rGO enhances the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) gene, and it does this in a time-dependent manner. Overall, our study depicted the molecular mechanisms underlying NAM-rGO biocompatibility depending on upregulation of TJPs and ALP. This potential quality of graphene could be used in diverse applications including tissue regeneration and tissue engineering. Keywords: biocompatibility, graphene oxide, nicotinamide, reduced graphene oxide, tight junction proteins, alkaline phosphatase
format	article
author	Zhang X Gurunathan S
author_facet	Zhang X Gurunathan S
author_sort	Zhang X
title	Biofabrication of a novel biomolecule-assisted reduced graphene oxide: an excellent biocompatible nanomaterial
title_short	Biofabrication of a novel biomolecule-assisted reduced graphene oxide: an excellent biocompatible nanomaterial
title_full	Biofabrication of a novel biomolecule-assisted reduced graphene oxide: an excellent biocompatible nanomaterial
title_fullStr	Biofabrication of a novel biomolecule-assisted reduced graphene oxide: an excellent biocompatible nanomaterial
title_full_unstemmed	Biofabrication of a novel biomolecule-assisted reduced graphene oxide: an excellent biocompatible nanomaterial
title_sort	biofabrication of a novel biomolecule-assisted reduced graphene oxide: an excellent biocompatible nanomaterial
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2016
url	https://doaj.org/article/5c1b22b206c140c89168e604c7c052f9
work_keys_str_mv	AT zhangx biofabricationofanovelbiomoleculeassistedreducedgrapheneoxideanexcellentbiocompatiblenanomaterial AT gurunathans biofabricationofanovelbiomoleculeassistedreducedgrapheneoxideanexcellentbiocompatiblenanomaterial
_version_	1718401855273304064

Biofabrication of a novel biomolecule-assisted reduced graphene oxide: an excellent biocompatible nanomaterial

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