Green chemistry approach for the synthesis of biocompatible graphene

Sangiliyandi Gurunathan, Jae Woong Han, Jin-Hoi Kim Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea Background: Graphene is a single-atom thick, two-dimensional sheet of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms isolated from its three-dimensional parent material, graphite. One of...

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Autores principales:	Gurunathan S, Han JW, Kim JH
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2013
Materias:	Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5c6067fda121423185abf3a76531c4d8
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5c6067fda121423185abf3a76531c4d82021-12-02T06:26:51ZGreen chemistry approach for the synthesis of biocompatible graphene1176-91141178-2013https://doaj.org/article/5c6067fda121423185abf3a76531c4d82013-07-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.dovepress.com/green-chemistry-approach-for-the-synthesis-of-biocompatible-graphene-a13861https://doaj.org/toc/1176-9114https://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013Sangiliyandi Gurunathan, Jae Woong Han, Jin-Hoi Kim Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea Background: Graphene is a single-atom thick, two-dimensional sheet of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms isolated from its three-dimensional parent material, graphite. One of the most common methods for preparation of graphene is chemical exfoliation of graphite using powerful oxidizing agents. Generally, graphene is synthesized through deoxygenation of graphene oxide (GO) by using hydrazine, which is one of the most widespread and strongest reducing agents. Due to the high toxicity of hydrazine, it is not a promising reducing agent in large-scale production of graphene; therefore, this study focused on a green or sustainable synthesis of graphene and the biocompatibility of graphene in primary mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (PMEFs). Methods: Here, we demonstrated a simple, rapid, and green chemistry approach for the synthesis of reduced GO (rGO) from GO using triethylamine (TEA) as a reducing agent and stabilizing agent. The obtained TEA reduced GO (TEA-rGO) was characterized by ultraviolet (UV)–visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results: The transition of graphene oxide to graphene was confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy. XRD and SEM were used to investigate the crystallinity of graphene and the surface morphologies of prepared graphene respectively. The formation of defects further supports the functionalization of graphene as indicated in the Raman spectrum of TEA-rGO. Surface morphology and the thickness of the GO and TEA-rGO were analyzed using AFM. The presented results suggest that TEA-rGO shows significantly more biocompatibility with PMEFs cells than GO. Conclusion: This is the first report about using TEA as a reducing as well as a stabilizing agent for the preparation of biocompatible graphene. The proposed safe and green method offers substitute routes for large-scale production of graphene for several biomedical applications. Keywords: graphene oxide, graphene, triethylamine, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopyGurunathan SHan JWKim JHDove Medical PressarticleMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol 2013, Iss default, Pp 2719-2732 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	Medicine (General) R5-920 Gurunathan S Han JW Kim JH Green chemistry approach for the synthesis of biocompatible graphene
description	Sangiliyandi Gurunathan, Jae Woong Han, Jin-Hoi Kim Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea Background: Graphene is a single-atom thick, two-dimensional sheet of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms isolated from its three-dimensional parent material, graphite. One of the most common methods for preparation of graphene is chemical exfoliation of graphite using powerful oxidizing agents. Generally, graphene is synthesized through deoxygenation of graphene oxide (GO) by using hydrazine, which is one of the most widespread and strongest reducing agents. Due to the high toxicity of hydrazine, it is not a promising reducing agent in large-scale production of graphene; therefore, this study focused on a green or sustainable synthesis of graphene and the biocompatibility of graphene in primary mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (PMEFs). Methods: Here, we demonstrated a simple, rapid, and green chemistry approach for the synthesis of reduced GO (rGO) from GO using triethylamine (TEA) as a reducing agent and stabilizing agent. The obtained TEA reduced GO (TEA-rGO) was characterized by ultraviolet (UV)–visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results: The transition of graphene oxide to graphene was confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy. XRD and SEM were used to investigate the crystallinity of graphene and the surface morphologies of prepared graphene respectively. The formation of defects further supports the functionalization of graphene as indicated in the Raman spectrum of TEA-rGO. Surface morphology and the thickness of the GO and TEA-rGO were analyzed using AFM. The presented results suggest that TEA-rGO shows significantly more biocompatibility with PMEFs cells than GO. Conclusion: This is the first report about using TEA as a reducing as well as a stabilizing agent for the preparation of biocompatible graphene. The proposed safe and green method offers substitute routes for large-scale production of graphene for several biomedical applications. Keywords: graphene oxide, graphene, triethylamine, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy
format	article
author	Gurunathan S Han JW Kim JH
author_facet	Gurunathan S Han JW Kim JH
author_sort	Gurunathan S
title	Green chemistry approach for the synthesis of biocompatible graphene
title_short	Green chemistry approach for the synthesis of biocompatible graphene
title_full	Green chemistry approach for the synthesis of biocompatible graphene
title_fullStr	Green chemistry approach for the synthesis of biocompatible graphene
title_full_unstemmed	Green chemistry approach for the synthesis of biocompatible graphene
title_sort	green chemistry approach for the synthesis of biocompatible graphene
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/5c6067fda121423185abf3a76531c4d8
work_keys_str_mv	AT gurunathans greenchemistryapproachforthesynthesisofbiocompatiblegraphene AT hanjw greenchemistryapproachforthesynthesisofbiocompatiblegraphene AT kimjh greenchemistryapproachforthesynthesisofbiocompatiblegraphene
_version_	1718399933721083904

Green chemistry approach for the synthesis of biocompatible graphene

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