Drivers of Echinococcus multilocularis transmission in China: small mammal diversity, landscape or climate?

<h4>Background</h4>Human alveolar echinococcocosis (AE) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the cestode E. multilocularis. Its life-cycle includes more than 40 species of small mammal intermediate hosts. Therefore, host biodiversity losses could be expec...

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Autores principales:	Patrick Giraudoux, Francis Raoul, David Pleydell, Tiaoying Li, Xiuming Han, Jiamin Qiu, Yan Xie, Hu Wang, Akira Ito, Philip S Craig
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2013
Materias:	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5c82b0ad4f3144c0b0692be71c89f3f1
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5c82b0ad4f3144c0b0692be71c89f3f12021-11-18T09:15:18ZDrivers of Echinococcus multilocularis transmission in China: small mammal diversity, landscape or climate?1935-27271935-273510.1371/journal.pntd.0002045https://doaj.org/article/5c82b0ad4f3144c0b0692be71c89f3f12013-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23505582/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735<h4>Background</h4>Human alveolar echinococcocosis (AE) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the cestode E. multilocularis. Its life-cycle includes more than 40 species of small mammal intermediate hosts. Therefore, host biodiversity losses could be expected to alter transmission. Climate may also have possible impacts on E. multilocularis egg survival. We examined the distribution of human AE across two spatial scales, (i) for continental China and (ii) over the eastern edge of the Tibetan plateau. We tested the hypotheses that human disease distribution can be explained by either the biodiversity of small mammal intermediate host species, or by environmental factors such as climate or landscape characteristics.<h4>Methodology/findings</h4>The distributions of 274 small mammal species were mapped to 967 point locations on a grid covering continental China. Land cover, elevation, monthly rainfall and temperature were mapped using remotely sensed imagery and compared to the distribution of human AE disease at continental scale and over the eastern Tibetan plateau. Infection status of 17,589 people screened by abdominal ultrasound in 2002-2008 in 94 villages of Tibetan areas of western Sichuan and Qinghai provinces was analyzed using generalized additive mixed models and related to epidemiological and environmental covariates. We found that human AE was not directly correlated with small mammal reservoir host species richness, but rather was spatially correlated with landscape features and climate which could confirm and predict human disease hotspots over a 200,000 km(2) region.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>E. multilocularis transmission and resultant human disease risk was better predicted from landscape features that could support increases of small mammal host species prone to population outbreaks, rather than host species richness. We anticipate that our study may be a starting point for further research wherein landscape management could be used to predict human disease risk and for controlling this zoonotic helminthic.Patrick GiraudouxFrancis RaoulDavid PleydellTiaoying LiXiuming HanJiamin QiuYan XieHu WangAkira ItoPhilip S CraigPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleArctic medicine. Tropical medicineRC955-962Public aspects of medicineRA1-1270ENPLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 7, Iss 3, p e2045 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
spellingShingle	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Patrick Giraudoux Francis Raoul David Pleydell Tiaoying Li Xiuming Han Jiamin Qiu Yan Xie Hu Wang Akira Ito Philip S Craig Drivers of Echinococcus multilocularis transmission in China: small mammal diversity, landscape or climate?
description	<h4>Background</h4>Human alveolar echinococcocosis (AE) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the cestode E. multilocularis. Its life-cycle includes more than 40 species of small mammal intermediate hosts. Therefore, host biodiversity losses could be expected to alter transmission. Climate may also have possible impacts on E. multilocularis egg survival. We examined the distribution of human AE across two spatial scales, (i) for continental China and (ii) over the eastern edge of the Tibetan plateau. We tested the hypotheses that human disease distribution can be explained by either the biodiversity of small mammal intermediate host species, or by environmental factors such as climate or landscape characteristics.<h4>Methodology/findings</h4>The distributions of 274 small mammal species were mapped to 967 point locations on a grid covering continental China. Land cover, elevation, monthly rainfall and temperature were mapped using remotely sensed imagery and compared to the distribution of human AE disease at continental scale and over the eastern Tibetan plateau. Infection status of 17,589 people screened by abdominal ultrasound in 2002-2008 in 94 villages of Tibetan areas of western Sichuan and Qinghai provinces was analyzed using generalized additive mixed models and related to epidemiological and environmental covariates. We found that human AE was not directly correlated with small mammal reservoir host species richness, but rather was spatially correlated with landscape features and climate which could confirm and predict human disease hotspots over a 200,000 km(2) region.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>E. multilocularis transmission and resultant human disease risk was better predicted from landscape features that could support increases of small mammal host species prone to population outbreaks, rather than host species richness. We anticipate that our study may be a starting point for further research wherein landscape management could be used to predict human disease risk and for controlling this zoonotic helminthic.
format	article
author	Patrick Giraudoux Francis Raoul David Pleydell Tiaoying Li Xiuming Han Jiamin Qiu Yan Xie Hu Wang Akira Ito Philip S Craig
author_facet	Patrick Giraudoux Francis Raoul David Pleydell Tiaoying Li Xiuming Han Jiamin Qiu Yan Xie Hu Wang Akira Ito Philip S Craig
author_sort	Patrick Giraudoux
title	Drivers of Echinococcus multilocularis transmission in China: small mammal diversity, landscape or climate?
title_short	Drivers of Echinococcus multilocularis transmission in China: small mammal diversity, landscape or climate?
title_full	Drivers of Echinococcus multilocularis transmission in China: small mammal diversity, landscape or climate?
title_fullStr	Drivers of Echinococcus multilocularis transmission in China: small mammal diversity, landscape or climate?
title_full_unstemmed	Drivers of Echinococcus multilocularis transmission in China: small mammal diversity, landscape or climate?
title_sort	drivers of echinococcus multilocularis transmission in china: small mammal diversity, landscape or climate?
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/5c82b0ad4f3144c0b0692be71c89f3f1
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Drivers of Echinococcus multilocularis transmission in China: small mammal diversity, landscape or climate?

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