On the Wind Turbine Wake and Forest Terrain Interaction

Future wind power developments may be located in complex topographic and harsh environments; forests are one type of complex terrain that offers untapped potential for wind energy. A detailed analysis of the unsteady interaction between wind turbines and the distinct boundary layers from those terra...

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Autores principales:	Shyuan Cheng, Mahmoud Elgendi, Fanghan Lu, Leonardo P. Chamorro
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	forest effects turbulence wind turbine wake Technology T
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5cb2d42f09e246d88169ab562ff7a0c3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5cb2d42f09e246d88169ab562ff7a0c32021-11-11T15:58:28ZOn the Wind Turbine Wake and Forest Terrain Interaction10.3390/en142172041996-1073https://doaj.org/article/5cb2d42f09e246d88169ab562ff7a0c32021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/21/7204https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073Future wind power developments may be located in complex topographic and harsh environments; forests are one type of complex terrain that offers untapped potential for wind energy. A detailed analysis of the unsteady interaction between wind turbines and the distinct boundary layers from those terrains is necessary to ensure optimized design, operation, and life span of wind turbines and wind farms. Here, laboratory experiments were carried to explore the interaction between the wake of a horizontal-axis model wind turbine and the boundary layer flow over forest-like canopies and the modulation of forest density in the turbulent exchange. The case of the turbine in a canonical boundary layer is included for selected comparison. The experiments were performed in a wind tunnel fully covered with tree models of height <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>H</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>z</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≈</mo><mn>0.36</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>z</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> is the turbine hub height, which were placed in a staggered pattern sharing streamwise and transverse spacing of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>d</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1.3</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and 2.7, where <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>d</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> is the mean crown diameter of the trees. Particle image velocimetry is used to characterize the incoming flow and three fields of view in the turbine wake within <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>d</mi><mi>T</mi></msub><mo>∈</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mspace width="4pt"></mspace><mn>7</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and covering the vertical extent of the wake. The results show a significant modulation of the forest-like canopies on the wake statistics relative to a case without forest canopies. Forest density did not induce dominant effects on the bulk features of the wake; however, a faster flow recovery, particularly in the intermediate wake, occurred with the case with less dense forest. Decomposition of the kinematic shear stress using a hyperbolic hole in the quadrant analysis reveals a substantial effect sufficiently away from the canopy top with sweep-dominated events that differentiate from ejection-dominated observed in canonical boundary layers. The comparatively high background turbulence induced by the forest reduced the modulation of the rotor in the wake; the quadrant fraction distribution in the intermediate wake exhibited similar features of the associated incoming flow.Shyuan ChengMahmoud ElgendiFanghan LuLeonardo P. ChamorroMDPI AGarticleforest effectsturbulencewind turbinewakeTechnologyTENEnergies, Vol 14, Iss 7204, p 7204 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	forest effects turbulence wind turbine wake Technology T
spellingShingle	forest effects turbulence wind turbine wake Technology T Shyuan Cheng Mahmoud Elgendi Fanghan Lu Leonardo P. Chamorro On the Wind Turbine Wake and Forest Terrain Interaction
description	Future wind power developments may be located in complex topographic and harsh environments; forests are one type of complex terrain that offers untapped potential for wind energy. A detailed analysis of the unsteady interaction between wind turbines and the distinct boundary layers from those terrains is necessary to ensure optimized design, operation, and life span of wind turbines and wind farms. Here, laboratory experiments were carried to explore the interaction between the wake of a horizontal-axis model wind turbine and the boundary layer flow over forest-like canopies and the modulation of forest density in the turbulent exchange. The case of the turbine in a canonical boundary layer is included for selected comparison. The experiments were performed in a wind tunnel fully covered with tree models of height <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>H</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>z</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≈</mo><mn>0.36</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>z</mi><mrow><mi>h</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> is the turbine hub height, which were placed in a staggered pattern sharing streamwise and transverse spacing of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>d</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1.3</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and 2.7, where <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>d</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> is the mean crown diameter of the trees. Particle image velocimetry is used to characterize the incoming flow and three fields of view in the turbine wake within <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>d</mi><mi>T</mi></msub><mo>∈</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mspace width="4pt"></mspace><mn>7</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and covering the vertical extent of the wake. The results show a significant modulation of the forest-like canopies on the wake statistics relative to a case without forest canopies. Forest density did not induce dominant effects on the bulk features of the wake; however, a faster flow recovery, particularly in the intermediate wake, occurred with the case with less dense forest. Decomposition of the kinematic shear stress using a hyperbolic hole in the quadrant analysis reveals a substantial effect sufficiently away from the canopy top with sweep-dominated events that differentiate from ejection-dominated observed in canonical boundary layers. The comparatively high background turbulence induced by the forest reduced the modulation of the rotor in the wake; the quadrant fraction distribution in the intermediate wake exhibited similar features of the associated incoming flow.
format	article
author	Shyuan Cheng Mahmoud Elgendi Fanghan Lu Leonardo P. Chamorro
author_facet	Shyuan Cheng Mahmoud Elgendi Fanghan Lu Leonardo P. Chamorro
author_sort	Shyuan Cheng
title	On the Wind Turbine Wake and Forest Terrain Interaction
title_short	On the Wind Turbine Wake and Forest Terrain Interaction
title_full	On the Wind Turbine Wake and Forest Terrain Interaction
title_fullStr	On the Wind Turbine Wake and Forest Terrain Interaction
title_full_unstemmed	On the Wind Turbine Wake and Forest Terrain Interaction
title_sort	on the wind turbine wake and forest terrain interaction
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/5cb2d42f09e246d88169ab562ff7a0c3
work_keys_str_mv	AT shyuancheng onthewindturbinewakeandforestterraininteraction AT mahmoudelgendi onthewindturbinewakeandforestterraininteraction AT fanghanlu onthewindturbinewakeandforestterraininteraction AT leonardopchamorro onthewindturbinewakeandforestterraininteraction
_version_	1718432415313035264

On the Wind Turbine Wake and Forest Terrain Interaction

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