Mechanical Properties of Isolated Primary Cilia Measured by Micro-tensile Test and Atomic Force Microscopy

Mechanotransduction is a well-known mechanism by which cells sense their surrounding mechanical environment, convert mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals, and eventually change their morphology and functions. Primary cilia are believed to be mechanosensors existing on the surface of the cell...

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Autores principales:	Tien-Dung Do, Jimuro Katsuyoshi, Haonai Cai, Toshiro Ohashi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	isolated primary cilia young’s modulus viscoelasticity micro-tensile test AFM test Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5cd10ece05d343aca8801731068f53dc
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5cd10ece05d343aca8801731068f53dc2021-11-11T07:04:03ZMechanical Properties of Isolated Primary Cilia Measured by Micro-tensile Test and Atomic Force Microscopy2296-418510.3389/fbioe.2021.753805https://doaj.org/article/5cd10ece05d343aca8801731068f53dc2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.753805/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-4185Mechanotransduction is a well-known mechanism by which cells sense their surrounding mechanical environment, convert mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals, and eventually change their morphology and functions. Primary cilia are believed to be mechanosensors existing on the surface of the cell membrane and support cells to sense surrounding mechanical signals. Knowing the mechanical properties of primary cilia is essential to understand their responses, such as sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. Previous studies have so far conducted flow experiments or optical trap techniques to measure the flexural rigidity EI (E: Young’s modulus, I: second moment of inertia) of primary cilia; however, the flexural rigidity is not a material property of materials and depends on mathematical models used in the determination, leading to a discrepancy between studies. For better characterization of primary cilia mechanics, Young’s modulus should be directly and precisely measured. In this study, the tensile Young’s modulus of isolated primary cilia is, for the first time, measured by using an in-house micro-tensile tester. The different strain rates of 0.01–0.3 s−1 were applied to isolated primary cilia, which showed a strain rate–dependent Young’s modulus in the range of 69.5–240.0 kPa on average. Atomic force microscopy was also performed to measure the local Young’s modulus of primary cilia, showing the Young’s modulus within the order of tens to hundreds of kPa. This study could directly provide the global and local Young’s moduli, which will benefit better understanding of primary cilia mechanics.Tien-Dung DoJimuro KatsuyoshiHaonai CaiToshiro OhashiFrontiers Media S.A.articleisolated primary ciliayoung’s modulusviscoelasticitymicro-tensile testAFM testBiotechnologyTP248.13-248.65ENFrontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol 9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	isolated primary cilia young’s modulus viscoelasticity micro-tensile test AFM test Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65
spellingShingle	isolated primary cilia young’s modulus viscoelasticity micro-tensile test AFM test Biotechnology TP248.13-248.65 Tien-Dung Do Jimuro Katsuyoshi Haonai Cai Toshiro Ohashi Mechanical Properties of Isolated Primary Cilia Measured by Micro-tensile Test and Atomic Force Microscopy
description	Mechanotransduction is a well-known mechanism by which cells sense their surrounding mechanical environment, convert mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals, and eventually change their morphology and functions. Primary cilia are believed to be mechanosensors existing on the surface of the cell membrane and support cells to sense surrounding mechanical signals. Knowing the mechanical properties of primary cilia is essential to understand their responses, such as sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. Previous studies have so far conducted flow experiments or optical trap techniques to measure the flexural rigidity EI (E: Young’s modulus, I: second moment of inertia) of primary cilia; however, the flexural rigidity is not a material property of materials and depends on mathematical models used in the determination, leading to a discrepancy between studies. For better characterization of primary cilia mechanics, Young’s modulus should be directly and precisely measured. In this study, the tensile Young’s modulus of isolated primary cilia is, for the first time, measured by using an in-house micro-tensile tester. The different strain rates of 0.01–0.3 s−1 were applied to isolated primary cilia, which showed a strain rate–dependent Young’s modulus in the range of 69.5–240.0 kPa on average. Atomic force microscopy was also performed to measure the local Young’s modulus of primary cilia, showing the Young’s modulus within the order of tens to hundreds of kPa. This study could directly provide the global and local Young’s moduli, which will benefit better understanding of primary cilia mechanics.
format	article
author	Tien-Dung Do Jimuro Katsuyoshi Haonai Cai Toshiro Ohashi
author_facet	Tien-Dung Do Jimuro Katsuyoshi Haonai Cai Toshiro Ohashi
author_sort	Tien-Dung Do
title	Mechanical Properties of Isolated Primary Cilia Measured by Micro-tensile Test and Atomic Force Microscopy
title_short	Mechanical Properties of Isolated Primary Cilia Measured by Micro-tensile Test and Atomic Force Microscopy
title_full	Mechanical Properties of Isolated Primary Cilia Measured by Micro-tensile Test and Atomic Force Microscopy
title_fullStr	Mechanical Properties of Isolated Primary Cilia Measured by Micro-tensile Test and Atomic Force Microscopy
title_full_unstemmed	Mechanical Properties of Isolated Primary Cilia Measured by Micro-tensile Test and Atomic Force Microscopy
title_sort	mechanical properties of isolated primary cilia measured by micro-tensile test and atomic force microscopy
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/5cd10ece05d343aca8801731068f53dc
work_keys_str_mv	AT tiendungdo mechanicalpropertiesofisolatedprimaryciliameasuredbymicrotensiletestandatomicforcemicroscopy AT jimurokatsuyoshi mechanicalpropertiesofisolatedprimaryciliameasuredbymicrotensiletestandatomicforcemicroscopy AT haonaicai mechanicalpropertiesofisolatedprimaryciliameasuredbymicrotensiletestandatomicforcemicroscopy AT toshiroohashi mechanicalpropertiesofisolatedprimaryciliameasuredbymicrotensiletestandatomicforcemicroscopy
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Mechanical Properties of Isolated Primary Cilia Measured by Micro-tensile Test and Atomic Force Microscopy

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