Nitrogen and Phosphorus Diffusion Fluxes: Insight from High-Resolution Technology and Hydrodynamic Modeling

Nitrogen and phosphorus are key elements in controlling eutrophication in the aquatic system. Water and sediment samples were collected from Hongfeng Lake, a seasonally stratified reservoir in southwest China, in winter and summer. Diffusion fluxes of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup&g...

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Autores principales:	Qingqing Sun, Fujun Yue, Jingan Chen, Jingfu Wang, Yulin Li, Xiaozheng Li, Mohd Aadil Bhat, Jing Liu, Siliang Li
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	environmental fluid dynamics code total bed shear internal release Hongfeng Lake Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5cd7647bace5438aadbec96d7284efeb
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5cd7647bace5438aadbec96d7284efeb2021-11-25T19:15:47ZNitrogen and Phosphorus Diffusion Fluxes: Insight from High-Resolution Technology and Hydrodynamic Modeling10.3390/w132232322073-4441https://doaj.org/article/5cd7647bace5438aadbec96d7284efeb2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/22/3232https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441Nitrogen and phosphorus are key elements in controlling eutrophication in the aquatic system. Water and sediment samples were collected from Hongfeng Lake, a seasonally stratified reservoir in southwest China, in winter and summer. Diffusion fluxes of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, and labile P in summer using diffusive gradients in thin films technology were 3.4, −37.2, and 0.9 mg m<sup>−2</sup> day<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, based on Fick’s first law. The diffusion flux of labile P was 2.05 mg m<sup>−2</sup> day<sup>−1</sup> in winter. The contributions fraction of the labile P diffusion flux from sediment to the overlying water were higher in winter than those in summer, because of the relatively lower external input, concentrations and higher diffusion fluxes in winter. After the external input decreased, all of the three diffusion fluxes were lower than the previous record. To understand the influence effect of hydrodynamics, environmental fluid dynamics code modeling was used to simulate the flow and temperature field in winter and summer. Modeling results showed that velocity in summer was higher than that in winter due to concentrated rainfall within the catchment. Moreover, the velocity and temperature in the euphotic zone were higher than that of the hypolimnion in summer. Less variation of velocity and temperature in vertical profile in winter than that in summer was observed, which may be attributable to the high specific heat capacity and the low heat conductivity of water. There was no significant correlation among velocity, hydrochemistry, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations. Hydrodynamics, solar radiation, and water depth affect the position of the thermocline, which was consequently to water temperature, hydrochemistry, dissolved nitrogen, and phosphorus concentration. Correlation analysis suggested that the higher bottom velocity and total bed shear may accelerate labile P, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> diffusion fluxes. These results provide evidence and suggestions for preventing and controlling reservoir eutrophication and water safety management.Qingqing SunFujun YueJingan ChenJingfu WangYulin LiXiaozheng LiMohd Aadil BhatJing LiuSiliang LiMDPI AGarticleenvironmental fluid dynamics codetotal bed shearinternal releaseHongfeng LakeHydraulic engineeringTC1-978Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENWater, Vol 13, Iss 3232, p 3232 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	environmental fluid dynamics code total bed shear internal release Hongfeng Lake Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	environmental fluid dynamics code total bed shear internal release Hongfeng Lake Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Qingqing Sun Fujun Yue Jingan Chen Jingfu Wang Yulin Li Xiaozheng Li Mohd Aadil Bhat Jing Liu Siliang Li Nitrogen and Phosphorus Diffusion Fluxes: Insight from High-Resolution Technology and Hydrodynamic Modeling
description	Nitrogen and phosphorus are key elements in controlling eutrophication in the aquatic system. Water and sediment samples were collected from Hongfeng Lake, a seasonally stratified reservoir in southwest China, in winter and summer. Diffusion fluxes of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, and labile P in summer using diffusive gradients in thin films technology were 3.4, −37.2, and 0.9 mg m<sup>−2</sup> day<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, based on Fick’s first law. The diffusion flux of labile P was 2.05 mg m<sup>−2</sup> day<sup>−1</sup> in winter. The contributions fraction of the labile P diffusion flux from sediment to the overlying water were higher in winter than those in summer, because of the relatively lower external input, concentrations and higher diffusion fluxes in winter. After the external input decreased, all of the three diffusion fluxes were lower than the previous record. To understand the influence effect of hydrodynamics, environmental fluid dynamics code modeling was used to simulate the flow and temperature field in winter and summer. Modeling results showed that velocity in summer was higher than that in winter due to concentrated rainfall within the catchment. Moreover, the velocity and temperature in the euphotic zone were higher than that of the hypolimnion in summer. Less variation of velocity and temperature in vertical profile in winter than that in summer was observed, which may be attributable to the high specific heat capacity and the low heat conductivity of water. There was no significant correlation among velocity, hydrochemistry, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations. Hydrodynamics, solar radiation, and water depth affect the position of the thermocline, which was consequently to water temperature, hydrochemistry, dissolved nitrogen, and phosphorus concentration. Correlation analysis suggested that the higher bottom velocity and total bed shear may accelerate labile P, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> diffusion fluxes. These results provide evidence and suggestions for preventing and controlling reservoir eutrophication and water safety management.
format	article
author	Qingqing Sun Fujun Yue Jingan Chen Jingfu Wang Yulin Li Xiaozheng Li Mohd Aadil Bhat Jing Liu Siliang Li
author_facet	Qingqing Sun Fujun Yue Jingan Chen Jingfu Wang Yulin Li Xiaozheng Li Mohd Aadil Bhat Jing Liu Siliang Li
author_sort	Qingqing Sun
title	Nitrogen and Phosphorus Diffusion Fluxes: Insight from High-Resolution Technology and Hydrodynamic Modeling
title_short	Nitrogen and Phosphorus Diffusion Fluxes: Insight from High-Resolution Technology and Hydrodynamic Modeling
title_full	Nitrogen and Phosphorus Diffusion Fluxes: Insight from High-Resolution Technology and Hydrodynamic Modeling
title_fullStr	Nitrogen and Phosphorus Diffusion Fluxes: Insight from High-Resolution Technology and Hydrodynamic Modeling
title_full_unstemmed	Nitrogen and Phosphorus Diffusion Fluxes: Insight from High-Resolution Technology and Hydrodynamic Modeling
title_sort	nitrogen and phosphorus diffusion fluxes: insight from high-resolution technology and hydrodynamic modeling
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/5cd7647bace5438aadbec96d7284efeb
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Nitrogen and Phosphorus Diffusion Fluxes: Insight from High-Resolution Technology and Hydrodynamic Modeling

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