Occupational and Environmental Exposures and Cancers in Developing Countries
Background: Over the past few decades, there has been a decline in cancers attributable to environmental and occupational <a title="Learn more about Carcinogens" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/carcinogens">carcinogens</a> of <a ti...
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| Autores principales: | , |
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| Formato: | article |
| Lenguaje: | EN |
| Publicado: |
Ubiquity Press
2014
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | https://doaj.org/article/5df9f162a1064ffe844a0f96f3e1a9af |
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| Sumario: | Background: Over the past few decades, there has been a decline in cancers attributable to environmental and occupational <a title="Learn more about Carcinogens" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/carcinogens">carcinogens</a> of <a title="Learn more about Asbestos" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/asbestos">asbestos</a>, arsenic, and indoor and outdoor air pollution in high-income countries. For low- to middle-income countries (LMICs), however, these exposures are likely to increase as industrialization expands and populations grow. Objective: The aim of this study was to review the evidence on the <a title="Learn more about Cancer Risk" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/cancer-risk">cancer risks</a> and burdens of selected environmental and occupational exposures in less-developed economies. Findings: A causal association has been established between asbestos exposure and <a title="Learn more about Mesothelioma" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/mesothelioma">mesothelioma</a>and lung cancer. For arsenic exposure, there is strong evidence of bladder, skin, lung, liver, and <a title="Learn more about Kidney cancer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/kidney-cancer">kidney cancer</a> effects. Women are at the highest risk for lung cancer due to indoor air pollution exposure; however, the carcinogenic effect on the risk for <a title="Learn more about Childhood cancer" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/childhood-cancer">cancer in children</a> has not been studied in these countries. Cancer risks associated with ambient air pollution remain the least studied in LMICs, although reported exposures are higher than World Health Organization, European, and US standards. Although some associations between lung cancer and ambient <a title="Learn more about Air Pollutant" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/air-pollutant">air pollutants</a> have been reported, studies in LMICs are weak or subject to exposure misclassification. For pulmonary cancers, tobacco smoking and <a title="Learn more about Respiratory disease" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/respiratory-disease">respiratory diseases</a> have a positive synergistic effect on cancer risks. Conclusions: A precise quantification of the burden of human cancer attributable to environmental and occupational exposures in LMICs is uncertain. Although the prevalence of carcinogenic exposures has been reported to be high in many such countries, the effects of the exposures have not been studied due to varying country-specific limitations, some of which include lack of resources and government support. |
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