Thermal Battery for Electric Vehicles: High-Temperature Heating System for Solid Media Based Thermal Energy Storages

Thermal energy storage systems open up high potentials for improvements in efficiency and flexibility for power plant and industrial applications. Transferring such technologies as basis for thermal management concepts in battery-electric vehicles allow alternative ways for heating the interior and...

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Autor principal: Volker Dreißigacker
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Lenguaje:EN
Publicado: MDPI AG 2021
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Acceso en línea:https://doaj.org/article/5e7d5b20a87c4dada479e7b62648b476
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id oai:doaj.org-article:5e7d5b20a87c4dada479e7b62648b476
record_format dspace
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic solid media thermal energy storage system
high systemic storage densities
high temperature heating system
heat supply for electric vehicles
Technology
T
Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
TA1-2040
Biology (General)
QH301-705.5
Physics
QC1-999
Chemistry
QD1-999
spellingShingle solid media thermal energy storage system
high systemic storage densities
high temperature heating system
heat supply for electric vehicles
Technology
T
Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
TA1-2040
Biology (General)
QH301-705.5
Physics
QC1-999
Chemistry
QD1-999
Volker Dreißigacker
Thermal Battery for Electric Vehicles: High-Temperature Heating System for Solid Media Based Thermal Energy Storages
description Thermal energy storage systems open up high potentials for improvements in efficiency and flexibility for power plant and industrial applications. Transferring such technologies as basis for thermal management concepts in battery-electric vehicles allow alternative ways for heating the interior and avoid range limitations during cold seasons. The idea of such concepts is to generate heat electrically (power-to-heat) parallel of charging the battery, store it efficiently and discharge heat at a defined temperature level. The successful application of such concepts requires two central prerequisites: higher systemic storage densities compared to today’s battery-powered PTC heaters as well as high charging and discharging powers. A promising approach for both requirements is based on solids as thermal energy storage. These allow during discharging an efficient heat transfer to the gaseous heat transfer medium (air) due to a wide range of geometric configurations with high specific surfaces and during charging high storage densities due to use of ceramic materials suitable for high operating temperatures. However, for such concepts suitable heating systems with small dimensions are needed, allowing an efficient and homogeneous heat transfer to the solid with high charging powers and high heating temperatures. An appropriate technology for this purpose is based on resistance heating wires integrated inside the channel shaped solids. These promise high storage densities due to operating wire temperature of up to 1300 °C and an efficient heat transport via radiation. Such electrically heated storage systems have been known for a long time for stationary applications, e.g., domestic storage heaters, but are new for mobile applications. For evaluation such concepts with regard to systemic storage and power density as well as to identify preferred configurations extensive investigations are necessary. For this purpose, transient models for the relevant heat transport mechanisms and the whole storage system were created. In order to allow time-efficient simulations studies for such an electrical heated storage system, a novel correlation for the effective radiation coefficient based on the Fourier Number was derived. This coefficient includes radiation effects and thermal conduction resistances and enables through its dimensionless parameterization the investigation of the charging process for a wide range of geometrical configurations. Based on application-typical specifications and the derived Fourier based correlation, extensive variation studies regarding the storage system were performed and evaluated with respect to systemic storage densities, heating wire surface loads and dimensions. For a favored design option selected here, maximum systemic storage densities of 201 Wh/kg at maximum heating wire surface loads of 4.6 W/cm<sup>2</sup> are achieved showing significant benefits compared to today’s battery powered PTC heaters. Additionally, for proofing and confirming the storage concept, a test rig was erected focusing experimental investigations on the charging process. For a first experimental setup-up including all relevant components, mean temperature-related deviations between the simulative and the experimental results of 4.1% were detected and storage temperatures of up to 870 °C were reached. The systematically performed results confirm the feasibility, high efficiency, thermodynamic synergies with geometric requirements during thermal discharging and the potential of the technology to reach higher systemic storage densities compared to current solutions.
format article
author Volker Dreißigacker
author_facet Volker Dreißigacker
author_sort Volker Dreißigacker
title Thermal Battery for Electric Vehicles: High-Temperature Heating System for Solid Media Based Thermal Energy Storages
title_short Thermal Battery for Electric Vehicles: High-Temperature Heating System for Solid Media Based Thermal Energy Storages
title_full Thermal Battery for Electric Vehicles: High-Temperature Heating System for Solid Media Based Thermal Energy Storages
title_fullStr Thermal Battery for Electric Vehicles: High-Temperature Heating System for Solid Media Based Thermal Energy Storages
title_full_unstemmed Thermal Battery for Electric Vehicles: High-Temperature Heating System for Solid Media Based Thermal Energy Storages
title_sort thermal battery for electric vehicles: high-temperature heating system for solid media based thermal energy storages
publisher MDPI AG
publishDate 2021
url https://doaj.org/article/5e7d5b20a87c4dada479e7b62648b476
work_keys_str_mv AT volkerdreißigacker thermalbatteryforelectricvehicleshightemperatureheatingsystemforsolidmediabasedthermalenergystorages
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spelling oai:doaj.org-article:5e7d5b20a87c4dada479e7b62648b4762021-11-11T15:26:04ZThermal Battery for Electric Vehicles: High-Temperature Heating System for Solid Media Based Thermal Energy Storages10.3390/app1121105002076-3417https://doaj.org/article/5e7d5b20a87c4dada479e7b62648b4762021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/21/10500https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3417Thermal energy storage systems open up high potentials for improvements in efficiency and flexibility for power plant and industrial applications. Transferring such technologies as basis for thermal management concepts in battery-electric vehicles allow alternative ways for heating the interior and avoid range limitations during cold seasons. The idea of such concepts is to generate heat electrically (power-to-heat) parallel of charging the battery, store it efficiently and discharge heat at a defined temperature level. The successful application of such concepts requires two central prerequisites: higher systemic storage densities compared to today’s battery-powered PTC heaters as well as high charging and discharging powers. A promising approach for both requirements is based on solids as thermal energy storage. These allow during discharging an efficient heat transfer to the gaseous heat transfer medium (air) due to a wide range of geometric configurations with high specific surfaces and during charging high storage densities due to use of ceramic materials suitable for high operating temperatures. However, for such concepts suitable heating systems with small dimensions are needed, allowing an efficient and homogeneous heat transfer to the solid with high charging powers and high heating temperatures. An appropriate technology for this purpose is based on resistance heating wires integrated inside the channel shaped solids. These promise high storage densities due to operating wire temperature of up to 1300 °C and an efficient heat transport via radiation. Such electrically heated storage systems have been known for a long time for stationary applications, e.g., domestic storage heaters, but are new for mobile applications. For evaluation such concepts with regard to systemic storage and power density as well as to identify preferred configurations extensive investigations are necessary. For this purpose, transient models for the relevant heat transport mechanisms and the whole storage system were created. In order to allow time-efficient simulations studies for such an electrical heated storage system, a novel correlation for the effective radiation coefficient based on the Fourier Number was derived. This coefficient includes radiation effects and thermal conduction resistances and enables through its dimensionless parameterization the investigation of the charging process for a wide range of geometrical configurations. Based on application-typical specifications and the derived Fourier based correlation, extensive variation studies regarding the storage system were performed and evaluated with respect to systemic storage densities, heating wire surface loads and dimensions. For a favored design option selected here, maximum systemic storage densities of 201 Wh/kg at maximum heating wire surface loads of 4.6 W/cm<sup>2</sup> are achieved showing significant benefits compared to today’s battery powered PTC heaters. Additionally, for proofing and confirming the storage concept, a test rig was erected focusing experimental investigations on the charging process. For a first experimental setup-up including all relevant components, mean temperature-related deviations between the simulative and the experimental results of 4.1% were detected and storage temperatures of up to 870 °C were reached. The systematically performed results confirm the feasibility, high efficiency, thermodynamic synergies with geometric requirements during thermal discharging and the potential of the technology to reach higher systemic storage densities compared to current solutions.Volker DreißigackerMDPI AGarticlesolid media thermal energy storage systemhigh systemic storage densitieshigh temperature heating systemheat supply for electric vehiclesTechnologyTEngineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040Biology (General)QH301-705.5PhysicsQC1-999ChemistryQD1-999ENApplied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 10500, p 10500 (2021)