Temperature-Driven Hydrocarbon Generation-Expulsion and Structural Transformation of Organic-Rich Shale Assessed by in situ Heating SEM

Mud shale can serve as source or cap rock but also as a reservoir rock, and so the development of pores or cracks in shale has become of great interest in recent years. However, prior work using non-identical samples, varying fields of view and non-continuous heating processes has produced varying d...

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Autores principales:	Yuan Yuan, Jijin Yang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	immature shale in situ heating scanning electron microscopy hydrocarbon generation and expulsion microfracture formation xiamaling formation Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5e837482225f4fd98ceefd123d7486bb
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5e837482225f4fd98ceefd123d7486bb2021-12-03T05:48:49ZTemperature-Driven Hydrocarbon Generation-Expulsion and Structural Transformation of Organic-Rich Shale Assessed by in situ Heating SEM2296-646310.3389/feart.2021.797760https://doaj.org/article/5e837482225f4fd98ceefd123d7486bb2021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.797760/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-6463Mud shale can serve as source or cap rock but also as a reservoir rock, and so the development of pores or cracks in shale has become of great interest in recent years. However, prior work using non-identical samples, varying fields of view and non-continuous heating processes has produced varying data. The unique hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics of shale as a source rock and the relationship with the evolution of pores or cracks in the reservoir are thus not well understood. The present work attempted to monitor detailed structural changes during the continuous heating of shale and to establish possible relationships with hydrocarbon generation and expulsion by heating immature shale samples while performing in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and monitoring the chamber vacuum. Samples were heated at 20°C/min from ambient to 700°C with 30 min holds at 100°C intervals during which SEM images were acquired. The SEM chamber vacuum was found to change during sample heating as a consequence of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion. Two episodic hydrocarbon expulsion stages were observed, at 300 and 500°C. As the temperature was increased from ambient to 700°C, samples exhibited consecutive shrinkage, expansion and shrinkage, and the amount of structural change in the vertical bedding direction was greater than that in the bedding direction. At the same time, the opening, closing and subsequent reopening of microcracks was observed. Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion led to the expansion of existing fractures and the opening of new cracks to produce an effective fracture network allowing fluid migration. The combination of high-resolution SEM and a high-temperature heating stage allowed correlation between the evolution of pores or cracks and hydrocarbon generation and expulsion to be examined.Yuan YuanYuan YuanJijin YangJijin YangJijin YangFrontiers Media S.A.articleimmature shalein situ heating scanning electron microscopyhydrocarbon generation and expulsionmicrofracture formationxiamaling formationScienceQENFrontiers in Earth Science, Vol 9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	immature shale in situ heating scanning electron microscopy hydrocarbon generation and expulsion microfracture formation xiamaling formation Science Q
spellingShingle	immature shale in situ heating scanning electron microscopy hydrocarbon generation and expulsion microfracture formation xiamaling formation Science Q Yuan Yuan Yuan Yuan Jijin Yang Jijin Yang Jijin Yang Temperature-Driven Hydrocarbon Generation-Expulsion and Structural Transformation of Organic-Rich Shale Assessed by in situ Heating SEM
description	Mud shale can serve as source or cap rock but also as a reservoir rock, and so the development of pores or cracks in shale has become of great interest in recent years. However, prior work using non-identical samples, varying fields of view and non-continuous heating processes has produced varying data. The unique hydrocarbon generation and expulsion characteristics of shale as a source rock and the relationship with the evolution of pores or cracks in the reservoir are thus not well understood. The present work attempted to monitor detailed structural changes during the continuous heating of shale and to establish possible relationships with hydrocarbon generation and expulsion by heating immature shale samples while performing in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and monitoring the chamber vacuum. Samples were heated at 20°C/min from ambient to 700°C with 30 min holds at 100°C intervals during which SEM images were acquired. The SEM chamber vacuum was found to change during sample heating as a consequence of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion. Two episodic hydrocarbon expulsion stages were observed, at 300 and 500°C. As the temperature was increased from ambient to 700°C, samples exhibited consecutive shrinkage, expansion and shrinkage, and the amount of structural change in the vertical bedding direction was greater than that in the bedding direction. At the same time, the opening, closing and subsequent reopening of microcracks was observed. Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion led to the expansion of existing fractures and the opening of new cracks to produce an effective fracture network allowing fluid migration. The combination of high-resolution SEM and a high-temperature heating stage allowed correlation between the evolution of pores or cracks and hydrocarbon generation and expulsion to be examined.
format	article
author	Yuan Yuan Yuan Yuan Jijin Yang Jijin Yang Jijin Yang
author_facet	Yuan Yuan Yuan Yuan Jijin Yang Jijin Yang Jijin Yang
author_sort	Yuan Yuan
title	Temperature-Driven Hydrocarbon Generation-Expulsion and Structural Transformation of Organic-Rich Shale Assessed by in situ Heating SEM
title_short	Temperature-Driven Hydrocarbon Generation-Expulsion and Structural Transformation of Organic-Rich Shale Assessed by in situ Heating SEM
title_full	Temperature-Driven Hydrocarbon Generation-Expulsion and Structural Transformation of Organic-Rich Shale Assessed by in situ Heating SEM
title_fullStr	Temperature-Driven Hydrocarbon Generation-Expulsion and Structural Transformation of Organic-Rich Shale Assessed by in situ Heating SEM
title_full_unstemmed	Temperature-Driven Hydrocarbon Generation-Expulsion and Structural Transformation of Organic-Rich Shale Assessed by in situ Heating SEM
title_sort	temperature-driven hydrocarbon generation-expulsion and structural transformation of organic-rich shale assessed by in situ heating sem
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/5e837482225f4fd98ceefd123d7486bb
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Temperature-Driven Hydrocarbon Generation-Expulsion and Structural Transformation of Organic-Rich Shale Assessed by in situ Heating SEM

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