Enigmatic Pilus-Like Endospore Appendages of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> Group Species

The endospores (spores) of many <i>Bacillus cereus</i> sensu lato species are decorated with multiple hair/pilus-like appendages. Although they have been observed for more than 50 years, all efforts to characterize these fibers in detail have failed until now, largely due to their extrao...

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Autores principales:	Ephrem Debebe Zegeye, Brajabandhu Pradhan, Ann-Katrin Llarena, Marina Aspholm
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	endospore spore pili appendage <i>Bacillus cereus</i> Ena Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5e887c1cc0bb461a805c17344e71d2eb
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5e887c1cc0bb461a805c17344e71d2eb2021-11-25T17:55:45ZEnigmatic Pilus-Like Endospore Appendages of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> Group Species10.3390/ijms2222123671422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/5e887c1cc0bb461a805c17344e71d2eb2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12367https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067The endospores (spores) of many <i>Bacillus cereus</i> sensu lato species are decorated with multiple hair/pilus-like appendages. Although they have been observed for more than 50 years, all efforts to characterize these fibers in detail have failed until now, largely due to their extraordinary resilience to proteolytic digestion and chemical solubilization. A recent structural analysis of <i>B. cereus</i> endospore appendages (Enas) using cryo-electron microscopy has revealed the structure of two distinct fiber morphologies: the longer and more abundant “Staggered-type” (S-Ena) and the shorter “Ladder-like” type (L-Ena), which further enabled the identification of the genes encoding the S-Ena. Ena homologs are widely and uniquely distributed among <i>B. cereus</i> sensu lato species, suggesting that appendages play important functional roles in these species. The discovery of <i>ena</i> genes is expected to facilitate functional studies involving Ena-depleted mutant spores to explore the role of Enas in the interaction between spores and their environment. Given the importance of <i>B. cereus</i> spores for the food industry and in medicine, there is a need for a better understanding of their biological functions and physicochemical properties. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the Ena structure and the potential roles these remarkable fibers may play in the adhesion of spores to biotic and abiotic surfaces, aggregation, and biofilm formation.Ephrem Debebe ZegeyeBrajabandhu PradhanAnn-Katrin LlarenaMarina AspholmMDPI AGarticleendosporesporepiliappendage<i>Bacillus cereus</i>EnaBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 12367, p 12367 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	endospore spore pili appendage <i>Bacillus cereus</i> Ena Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	endospore spore pili appendage <i>Bacillus cereus</i> Ena Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Ephrem Debebe Zegeye Brajabandhu Pradhan Ann-Katrin Llarena Marina Aspholm Enigmatic Pilus-Like Endospore Appendages of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> Group Species
description	The endospores (spores) of many <i>Bacillus cereus</i> sensu lato species are decorated with multiple hair/pilus-like appendages. Although they have been observed for more than 50 years, all efforts to characterize these fibers in detail have failed until now, largely due to their extraordinary resilience to proteolytic digestion and chemical solubilization. A recent structural analysis of <i>B. cereus</i> endospore appendages (Enas) using cryo-electron microscopy has revealed the structure of two distinct fiber morphologies: the longer and more abundant “Staggered-type” (S-Ena) and the shorter “Ladder-like” type (L-Ena), which further enabled the identification of the genes encoding the S-Ena. Ena homologs are widely and uniquely distributed among <i>B. cereus</i> sensu lato species, suggesting that appendages play important functional roles in these species. The discovery of <i>ena</i> genes is expected to facilitate functional studies involving Ena-depleted mutant spores to explore the role of Enas in the interaction between spores and their environment. Given the importance of <i>B. cereus</i> spores for the food industry and in medicine, there is a need for a better understanding of their biological functions and physicochemical properties. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the Ena structure and the potential roles these remarkable fibers may play in the adhesion of spores to biotic and abiotic surfaces, aggregation, and biofilm formation.
format	article
author	Ephrem Debebe Zegeye Brajabandhu Pradhan Ann-Katrin Llarena Marina Aspholm
author_facet	Ephrem Debebe Zegeye Brajabandhu Pradhan Ann-Katrin Llarena Marina Aspholm
author_sort	Ephrem Debebe Zegeye
title	Enigmatic Pilus-Like Endospore Appendages of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> Group Species
title_short	Enigmatic Pilus-Like Endospore Appendages of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> Group Species
title_full	Enigmatic Pilus-Like Endospore Appendages of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> Group Species
title_fullStr	Enigmatic Pilus-Like Endospore Appendages of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> Group Species
title_full_unstemmed	Enigmatic Pilus-Like Endospore Appendages of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> Group Species
title_sort	enigmatic pilus-like endospore appendages of <i>bacillus cereus</i> group species
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/5e887c1cc0bb461a805c17344e71d2eb
work_keys_str_mv	AT ephremdebebezegeye enigmaticpiluslikeendosporeappendagesofibacilluscereusigroupspecies AT brajabandhupradhan enigmaticpiluslikeendosporeappendagesofibacilluscereusigroupspecies AT annkatrinllarena enigmaticpiluslikeendosporeappendagesofibacilluscereusigroupspecies AT marinaaspholm enigmaticpiluslikeendosporeappendagesofibacilluscereusigroupspecies
_version_	1718411804519956480

Enigmatic Pilus-Like Endospore Appendages of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> Group Species

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