Measuring access to medicines: a survey of prices, availability and affordability in Shaanxi province of China.

<h4>Objective</h4>To measure the prices and availability of selected medicines in Shaanxi Province after the implementation of new healthcare reform in 2009.<h4>Methods</h4>Data on the prices and availability of 47 medicines were collected from 50 public and 36 private sector...

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Autores principales:	Minghuan Jiang, Shimin Yang, Kangkang Yan, Jun Liu, Jun Zhao, Yu Fang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2013
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/5f99db7ecdf740278c45ffd22ccfab3c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:5f99db7ecdf740278c45ffd22ccfab3c2021-11-18T09:01:38ZMeasuring access to medicines: a survey of prices, availability and affordability in Shaanxi province of China.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0070836https://doaj.org/article/5f99db7ecdf740278c45ffd22ccfab3c2013-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23936471/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Objective</h4>To measure the prices and availability of selected medicines in Shaanxi Province after the implementation of new healthcare reform in 2009.<h4>Methods</h4>Data on the prices and availability of 47 medicines were collected from 50 public and 36 private sector medicine outlets in six regions of Shaanxi Province, Western China using a standardized methodology developed by the World Health Organization and Health Action International from September to October 2010. Medicine prices were compared with international reference prices to obtain a median price ratio. Affordability was measured as the number of days' wages required for the lowest-paid unskilled government worker to purchase standard treatments for common conditions.<h4>Findings</h4>The mean availabilities of originator brands and lowest-priced generics were 8.9% and 26.5% in the public sector, and 18.1% and 43.6% in the private sector, respectively. The public sector procured generics and originator brands at median price ratios of 0.75 and 8.49, respectively, while patients paid 0.97 and 10.16. Final patient prices for lowest-priced generics and originator brands in the private sector were about 1.53 and 8.36 times their international retail prices, respectively. Public sector vendors applied high markups of 30.4% to generics, and 19.6% to originator brands. In the private sector, originator brands cost 390.7% more, on average, than their generic equivalents. Generic medicines were priced 17.3% higher in the private sector than the public sector. The lowest-paid government worker would need 0.1 day's wages to purchase captopril for lowest-priced generics from private sector, while 6.6 days' wages for losartan. For originator brands, the costs rise to 1.2 days' wages for salbutamol inhaler and 15.6 days' wages for omeprazole.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The prices, availability and affordability of medicines in China should be improved to ensure equitable access to basic medical treatments, especially for the poor. This requires multi-faceted interventions, as well as the review and refocusing of policies, regulations and educational interventions.Minghuan JiangShimin YangKangkang YanJun LiuJun ZhaoYu FangPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 8, Iss 8, p e70836 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Minghuan Jiang Shimin Yang Kangkang Yan Jun Liu Jun Zhao Yu Fang Measuring access to medicines: a survey of prices, availability and affordability in Shaanxi province of China.
description	<h4>Objective</h4>To measure the prices and availability of selected medicines in Shaanxi Province after the implementation of new healthcare reform in 2009.<h4>Methods</h4>Data on the prices and availability of 47 medicines were collected from 50 public and 36 private sector medicine outlets in six regions of Shaanxi Province, Western China using a standardized methodology developed by the World Health Organization and Health Action International from September to October 2010. Medicine prices were compared with international reference prices to obtain a median price ratio. Affordability was measured as the number of days' wages required for the lowest-paid unskilled government worker to purchase standard treatments for common conditions.<h4>Findings</h4>The mean availabilities of originator brands and lowest-priced generics were 8.9% and 26.5% in the public sector, and 18.1% and 43.6% in the private sector, respectively. The public sector procured generics and originator brands at median price ratios of 0.75 and 8.49, respectively, while patients paid 0.97 and 10.16. Final patient prices for lowest-priced generics and originator brands in the private sector were about 1.53 and 8.36 times their international retail prices, respectively. Public sector vendors applied high markups of 30.4% to generics, and 19.6% to originator brands. In the private sector, originator brands cost 390.7% more, on average, than their generic equivalents. Generic medicines were priced 17.3% higher in the private sector than the public sector. The lowest-paid government worker would need 0.1 day's wages to purchase captopril for lowest-priced generics from private sector, while 6.6 days' wages for losartan. For originator brands, the costs rise to 1.2 days' wages for salbutamol inhaler and 15.6 days' wages for omeprazole.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The prices, availability and affordability of medicines in China should be improved to ensure equitable access to basic medical treatments, especially for the poor. This requires multi-faceted interventions, as well as the review and refocusing of policies, regulations and educational interventions.
format	article
author	Minghuan Jiang Shimin Yang Kangkang Yan Jun Liu Jun Zhao Yu Fang
author_facet	Minghuan Jiang Shimin Yang Kangkang Yan Jun Liu Jun Zhao Yu Fang
author_sort	Minghuan Jiang
title	Measuring access to medicines: a survey of prices, availability and affordability in Shaanxi province of China.
title_short	Measuring access to medicines: a survey of prices, availability and affordability in Shaanxi province of China.
title_full	Measuring access to medicines: a survey of prices, availability and affordability in Shaanxi province of China.
title_fullStr	Measuring access to medicines: a survey of prices, availability and affordability in Shaanxi province of China.
title_full_unstemmed	Measuring access to medicines: a survey of prices, availability and affordability in Shaanxi province of China.
title_sort	measuring access to medicines: a survey of prices, availability and affordability in shaanxi province of china.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/5f99db7ecdf740278c45ffd22ccfab3c
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Measuring access to medicines: a survey of prices, availability and affordability in Shaanxi province of China.

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