Low-Calcium Cave Dripwaters in a High CO<sub>2</sub> Environment: Formation and Development of Corrosion Cups in Postojna Cave, Slovenia

Speleothems have proven to be one of the most reliable terrestrial archives for palaeoclimate research. However, due to the complexity of karst systems, long-term monitoring and high-resolution analyses of the cave atmosphere and water geochemistry have become essential to better constrain the facto...

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Autores principales:	Lovel Kukuljan, Franci Gabrovšek, Vanessa E. Johnston
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	speleothem corrosion undersaturated drip spots carbon dioxide cave microclimate karst water geochemistry Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/60094e046176454cb737cf1d6b0f5867
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:60094e046176454cb737cf1d6b0f5867
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:60094e046176454cb737cf1d6b0f58672021-11-25T19:15:13ZLow-Calcium Cave Dripwaters in a High CO<sub>2</sub> Environment: Formation and Development of Corrosion Cups in Postojna Cave, Slovenia10.3390/w132231842073-4441https://doaj.org/article/60094e046176454cb737cf1d6b0f58672021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/22/3184https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441Speleothems have proven to be one of the most reliable terrestrial archives for palaeoclimate research. However, due to the complexity of karst systems, long-term monitoring and high-resolution analyses of the cave atmosphere and water geochemistry have become essential to better constrain the factors that control calcite growth and how geochemical palaeoclimate proxies are encoded into speleothems. While calcite precipitation incorporates the palaeoclimate signals into the speleothem fabric, certain conditions in caves can favour dissolution, which may form hiatuses or even destroy these signals. In extreme cases, in-cave dissolution by dripwater can form cup-shaped features (i.e., corrosion cups), which were the main focus of this study. The study site in Postojna Cave, Slovenia was investigated through cave climate monitoring and drip and cup water sampling, which took place during 2017–2021. We found that the cups are fed by low-calcium drips as the consequence of the thin rock overburden above the cave. Due to the specific configuration of the airflow pathways, the study site accumulates high levels of CO<sub>2</sub> (>10,000 ppm), which shifts low-calcium dripwater into undersaturation. This causes dissolution on the rock surfaces and speleothems on the cave floor. The results of this study have broader significance in addressing the suitability of cave environments and speleothems used in paleoclimate research.Lovel KukuljanFranci GabrovšekVanessa E. JohnstonMDPI AGarticlespeleothem corrosionundersaturated drip spotscarbon dioxidecave microclimatekarst water geochemistryHydraulic engineeringTC1-978Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENWater, Vol 13, Iss 3184, p 3184 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	speleothem corrosion undersaturated drip spots carbon dioxide cave microclimate karst water geochemistry Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	speleothem corrosion undersaturated drip spots carbon dioxide cave microclimate karst water geochemistry Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Lovel Kukuljan Franci Gabrovšek Vanessa E. Johnston Low-Calcium Cave Dripwaters in a High CO<sub>2</sub> Environment: Formation and Development of Corrosion Cups in Postojna Cave, Slovenia
description	Speleothems have proven to be one of the most reliable terrestrial archives for palaeoclimate research. However, due to the complexity of karst systems, long-term monitoring and high-resolution analyses of the cave atmosphere and water geochemistry have become essential to better constrain the factors that control calcite growth and how geochemical palaeoclimate proxies are encoded into speleothems. While calcite precipitation incorporates the palaeoclimate signals into the speleothem fabric, certain conditions in caves can favour dissolution, which may form hiatuses or even destroy these signals. In extreme cases, in-cave dissolution by dripwater can form cup-shaped features (i.e., corrosion cups), which were the main focus of this study. The study site in Postojna Cave, Slovenia was investigated through cave climate monitoring and drip and cup water sampling, which took place during 2017–2021. We found that the cups are fed by low-calcium drips as the consequence of the thin rock overburden above the cave. Due to the specific configuration of the airflow pathways, the study site accumulates high levels of CO<sub>2</sub> (>10,000 ppm), which shifts low-calcium dripwater into undersaturation. This causes dissolution on the rock surfaces and speleothems on the cave floor. The results of this study have broader significance in addressing the suitability of cave environments and speleothems used in paleoclimate research.
format	article
author	Lovel Kukuljan Franci Gabrovšek Vanessa E. Johnston
author_facet	Lovel Kukuljan Franci Gabrovšek Vanessa E. Johnston
author_sort	Lovel Kukuljan
title	Low-Calcium Cave Dripwaters in a High CO<sub>2</sub> Environment: Formation and Development of Corrosion Cups in Postojna Cave, Slovenia
title_short	Low-Calcium Cave Dripwaters in a High CO<sub>2</sub> Environment: Formation and Development of Corrosion Cups in Postojna Cave, Slovenia
title_full	Low-Calcium Cave Dripwaters in a High CO<sub>2</sub> Environment: Formation and Development of Corrosion Cups in Postojna Cave, Slovenia
title_fullStr	Low-Calcium Cave Dripwaters in a High CO<sub>2</sub> Environment: Formation and Development of Corrosion Cups in Postojna Cave, Slovenia
title_full_unstemmed	Low-Calcium Cave Dripwaters in a High CO<sub>2</sub> Environment: Formation and Development of Corrosion Cups in Postojna Cave, Slovenia
title_sort	low-calcium cave dripwaters in a high co<sub>2</sub> environment: formation and development of corrosion cups in postojna cave, slovenia
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/60094e046176454cb737cf1d6b0f5867
work_keys_str_mv	AT lovelkukuljan lowcalciumcavedripwatersinahighcosub2subenvironmentformationanddevelopmentofcorrosioncupsinpostojnacaveslovenia AT francigabrovsek lowcalciumcavedripwatersinahighcosub2subenvironmentformationanddevelopmentofcorrosioncupsinpostojnacaveslovenia AT vanessaejohnston lowcalciumcavedripwatersinahighcosub2subenvironmentformationanddevelopmentofcorrosioncupsinpostojnacaveslovenia
_version_	1718410093128581120

Low-Calcium Cave Dripwaters in a High CO<sub>2</sub> Environment: Formation and Development of Corrosion Cups in Postojna Cave, Slovenia

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