The genetics and evolution of eye color in domestic pigeons (Columba livia).

The eye color of birds, generally referring to the color of the iris, results from both pigmentation and structural coloration. Avian iris colors exhibit striking interspecific and intraspecific variations that correspond to unique evolutionary and ecological histories. Here, we identified the genet...

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Autores principales:	Si Si, Xiao Xu, Yan Zhuang, Xiaodong Gao, Honghai Zhang, Zhengting Zou, Shu-Jin Luo
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Genetics QH426-470
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6078d5e3bd4d486dbb37185981bd60e0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6078d5e3bd4d486dbb37185981bd60e02021-12-02T20:02:50ZThe genetics and evolution of eye color in domestic pigeons (Columba livia).1553-73901553-740410.1371/journal.pgen.1009770https://doaj.org/article/6078d5e3bd4d486dbb37185981bd60e02021-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009770https://doaj.org/toc/1553-7390https://doaj.org/toc/1553-7404The eye color of birds, generally referring to the color of the iris, results from both pigmentation and structural coloration. Avian iris colors exhibit striking interspecific and intraspecific variations that correspond to unique evolutionary and ecological histories. Here, we identified the genetic basis of pearl (white) iris color in domestic pigeons (Columba livia) to explore the largely unknown genetic mechanism underlying the evolution of avian iris coloration. Using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach in 92 pigeons, we mapped the pearl iris trait to a 9 kb region containing the facilitative glucose transporter gene SLC2A11B. A nonsense mutation (W49X) leading to a premature stop codon in SLC2A11B was identified as the causal variant. Transcriptome analysis suggested that SLC2A11B loss of function may downregulate the xanthophore-differentiation gene CSF1R and the key pteridine biosynthesis gene GCH1, thus resulting in the pearl iris phenotype. Coalescence and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the mutation originated approximately 5,400 years ago, coinciding with the onset of pigeon domestication, while positive selection was likely associated with artificial breeding. Within Aves, potentially impaired SLC2A11B was found in six species from six distinct lineages, four of which associated with their signature brown or blue eyes and lack of pteridine. Analysis of vertebrate SLC2A11B orthologs revealed relaxed selection in the avian clade, consistent with the scenario that during and after avian divergence from the reptilian ancestor, the SLC2A11B-involved development of dermal chromatophores likely degenerated in the presence of feather coverage. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanism of avian iris color variations and the evolution of pigmentation in vertebrates.Si SiXiao XuYan ZhuangXiaodong GaoHonghai ZhangZhengting ZouShu-Jin LuoPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleGeneticsQH426-470ENPLoS Genetics, Vol 17, Iss 8, p e1009770 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Genetics QH426-470
spellingShingle	Genetics QH426-470 Si Si Xiao Xu Yan Zhuang Xiaodong Gao Honghai Zhang Zhengting Zou Shu-Jin Luo The genetics and evolution of eye color in domestic pigeons (Columba livia).
description	The eye color of birds, generally referring to the color of the iris, results from both pigmentation and structural coloration. Avian iris colors exhibit striking interspecific and intraspecific variations that correspond to unique evolutionary and ecological histories. Here, we identified the genetic basis of pearl (white) iris color in domestic pigeons (Columba livia) to explore the largely unknown genetic mechanism underlying the evolution of avian iris coloration. Using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach in 92 pigeons, we mapped the pearl iris trait to a 9 kb region containing the facilitative glucose transporter gene SLC2A11B. A nonsense mutation (W49X) leading to a premature stop codon in SLC2A11B was identified as the causal variant. Transcriptome analysis suggested that SLC2A11B loss of function may downregulate the xanthophore-differentiation gene CSF1R and the key pteridine biosynthesis gene GCH1, thus resulting in the pearl iris phenotype. Coalescence and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the mutation originated approximately 5,400 years ago, coinciding with the onset of pigeon domestication, while positive selection was likely associated with artificial breeding. Within Aves, potentially impaired SLC2A11B was found in six species from six distinct lineages, four of which associated with their signature brown or blue eyes and lack of pteridine. Analysis of vertebrate SLC2A11B orthologs revealed relaxed selection in the avian clade, consistent with the scenario that during and after avian divergence from the reptilian ancestor, the SLC2A11B-involved development of dermal chromatophores likely degenerated in the presence of feather coverage. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanism of avian iris color variations and the evolution of pigmentation in vertebrates.
format	article
author	Si Si Xiao Xu Yan Zhuang Xiaodong Gao Honghai Zhang Zhengting Zou Shu-Jin Luo
author_facet	Si Si Xiao Xu Yan Zhuang Xiaodong Gao Honghai Zhang Zhengting Zou Shu-Jin Luo
author_sort	Si Si
title	The genetics and evolution of eye color in domestic pigeons (Columba livia).
title_short	The genetics and evolution of eye color in domestic pigeons (Columba livia).
title_full	The genetics and evolution of eye color in domestic pigeons (Columba livia).
title_fullStr	The genetics and evolution of eye color in domestic pigeons (Columba livia).
title_full_unstemmed	The genetics and evolution of eye color in domestic pigeons (Columba livia).
title_sort	genetics and evolution of eye color in domestic pigeons (columba livia).
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/6078d5e3bd4d486dbb37185981bd60e0
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The genetics and evolution of eye color in domestic pigeons (Columba livia).

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