Jackson–Vanik Amendment and Development of Soviet-American Relations in 1972-1975

The article is devoted to one of the key subjects of the detente period – the history of development and adoption of Jackson-Vanik Amendment to the Trade Act of 1974. The significance of the human rights problem in the USSR, in particular – the right to emigrate, for the development of American-Sovi...

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Autores principales:	V. Yungblyud, D. Ilyin
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN RU
Publicado:	MGIMO University Press 2020
Materias:	détente jackson–vanik amendment u.s. congress h. kissinger h. jackson emigration from ussr sanctions International relations JZ2-6530
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/60a34fc236d04efb84734f4882181627
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:60a34fc236d04efb84734f48821816272021-11-23T14:50:42ZJackson–Vanik Amendment and Development of Soviet-American Relations in 1972-19752071-81602541-909910.24833/2071-8160-2020-2-71-7-39https://doaj.org/article/60a34fc236d04efb84734f48821816272020-04-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/1478https://doaj.org/toc/2071-8160https://doaj.org/toc/2541-9099The article is devoted to one of the key subjects of the detente period – the history of development and adoption of Jackson-Vanik Amendment to the Trade Act of 1974. The significance of the human rights problem in the USSR, in particular – the right to emigrate, for the development of American-Soviet relations at the peak of detente is shown. Special attention was paid to trilateral negotiations between the Soviet leadership, Nixon and Ford administrations and the legislators headed by Senator Henry Jackson. The Amendment, adopted in December 1974, created serious obstacles for the development of trade and economic relations between the superpowers, and it had a number of negative political consequences also. The Amendment constituted the issue of human rights in the USSR as one of the important components of the U.S. foreign policy, created a negative background for the American-Soviet dialogue, which significantly complicated the outlined convergence of superpowers and contributed to the curtailment of detente.The political struggle around the Jackson-Vanik Amendment became the quintessence of detente. Each of the parties involved regarded the Amendment differently: Soviet leaders saw it as a rude interference in the internal affairs of the USSR; Kissinger saw it as an untimely and too radical in form and methods attempt to transform the Soviet system; Jackson saw it as a good way to increase his popularity by exploiting a popular in the post-Vietnam era theme that was naturally consistent with American national values and traditions. Both the Kremlin and Jackson had a fairly clear set of concessions that they could make. However, in the context of the systemic crisis of power caused by Watergate, the US administration did not have enough resources to bring them to a common denominator. The Soviet leadership soon also faced new economic and political challenges, and the problem of restoring trade relations with the United States ceased to be a priority.The Jackson-Vanik Amendment of 1974 became the watershed separating the “high détente” from its downward phase. Its real significance far exceeded its immediate meaning embedded in the arguments of its creators. It was not an accident that the Amendment was not canceled in 1987 after the USSR liberated its emigration policy. After the collapse of the USSR American leadership used it as a political leverage against Russian Federation. Boris Yeltsin appealed to Bill Clinton multiple times in 1993-1994 requesting removal of discrimination measures in trade and economic relations inherited from the soviet times. The Amendment was not cancelled it was only temporarily suspended. It was officially canceled only in 2012, but only in order to give way to a law that allows the United States, at its discre tion, to impose sanctions on individuals allegedly responsible for human rights violations in Russia (the so-called Magnitsky Act) and remains an obstacle to the development of equal Russian-American economic ties.V. YungblyudD. IlyinMGIMO University Pressarticledétentejackson–vanik amendmentu.s. congressh. kissingerh. jacksonemigration from ussrsanctionsInternational relationsJZ2-6530ENRUVestnik MGIMO-Universiteta, Vol 13, Iss 2, Pp 7-39 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN RU
topic	détente jackson–vanik amendment u.s. congress h. kissinger h. jackson emigration from ussr sanctions International relations JZ2-6530
spellingShingle	détente jackson–vanik amendment u.s. congress h. kissinger h. jackson emigration from ussr sanctions International relations JZ2-6530 V. Yungblyud D. Ilyin Jackson–Vanik Amendment and Development of Soviet-American Relations in 1972-1975
description	The article is devoted to one of the key subjects of the detente period – the history of development and adoption of Jackson-Vanik Amendment to the Trade Act of 1974. The significance of the human rights problem in the USSR, in particular – the right to emigrate, for the development of American-Soviet relations at the peak of detente is shown. Special attention was paid to trilateral negotiations between the Soviet leadership, Nixon and Ford administrations and the legislators headed by Senator Henry Jackson. The Amendment, adopted in December 1974, created serious obstacles for the development of trade and economic relations between the superpowers, and it had a number of negative political consequences also. The Amendment constituted the issue of human rights in the USSR as one of the important components of the U.S. foreign policy, created a negative background for the American-Soviet dialogue, which significantly complicated the outlined convergence of superpowers and contributed to the curtailment of detente.The political struggle around the Jackson-Vanik Amendment became the quintessence of detente. Each of the parties involved regarded the Amendment differently: Soviet leaders saw it as a rude interference in the internal affairs of the USSR; Kissinger saw it as an untimely and too radical in form and methods attempt to transform the Soviet system; Jackson saw it as a good way to increase his popularity by exploiting a popular in the post-Vietnam era theme that was naturally consistent with American national values and traditions. Both the Kremlin and Jackson had a fairly clear set of concessions that they could make. However, in the context of the systemic crisis of power caused by Watergate, the US administration did not have enough resources to bring them to a common denominator. The Soviet leadership soon also faced new economic and political challenges, and the problem of restoring trade relations with the United States ceased to be a priority.The Jackson-Vanik Amendment of 1974 became the watershed separating the “high détente” from its downward phase. Its real significance far exceeded its immediate meaning embedded in the arguments of its creators. It was not an accident that the Amendment was not canceled in 1987 after the USSR liberated its emigration policy. After the collapse of the USSR American leadership used it as a political leverage against Russian Federation. Boris Yeltsin appealed to Bill Clinton multiple times in 1993-1994 requesting removal of discrimination measures in trade and economic relations inherited from the soviet times. The Amendment was not cancelled it was only temporarily suspended. It was officially canceled only in 2012, but only in order to give way to a law that allows the United States, at its discre tion, to impose sanctions on individuals allegedly responsible for human rights violations in Russia (the so-called Magnitsky Act) and remains an obstacle to the development of equal Russian-American economic ties.
format	article
author	V. Yungblyud D. Ilyin
author_facet	V. Yungblyud D. Ilyin
author_sort	V. Yungblyud
title	Jackson–Vanik Amendment and Development of Soviet-American Relations in 1972-1975
title_short	Jackson–Vanik Amendment and Development of Soviet-American Relations in 1972-1975
title_full	Jackson–Vanik Amendment and Development of Soviet-American Relations in 1972-1975
title_fullStr	Jackson–Vanik Amendment and Development of Soviet-American Relations in 1972-1975
title_full_unstemmed	Jackson–Vanik Amendment and Development of Soviet-American Relations in 1972-1975
title_sort	jackson–vanik amendment and development of soviet-american relations in 1972-1975
publisher	MGIMO University Press
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/60a34fc236d04efb84734f4882181627
work_keys_str_mv	AT vyungblyud jacksonvanikamendmentanddevelopmentofsovietamericanrelationsin19721975 AT dilyin jacksonvanikamendmentanddevelopmentofsovietamericanrelationsin19721975
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Jackson–Vanik Amendment and Development of Soviet-American Relations in 1972-1975

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