Regime Shifts in Glacier and Ice Sheet Response to Climate Change: Examples From the Northern Hemisphere

Glaciers and ice sheets are experiencing dramatic changes in response to recent climate change. This is true in both mountain and polar regions, where the extreme sensitivity of the cryosphere to warming temperatures may be exacerbated by amplification of global climate change. For glaciers and ice...

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Autor principal:	Shawn J. Marshall
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	non-linear feedbacks tipping point albedo meltwater retention glacier mass balance mountain glaciers Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6127de885f5140eb9dfe389046df89af
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6127de885f5140eb9dfe389046df89af2021-11-10T07:47:07ZRegime Shifts in Glacier and Ice Sheet Response to Climate Change: Examples From the Northern Hemisphere2624-955310.3389/fclim.2021.702585https://doaj.org/article/6127de885f5140eb9dfe389046df89af2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2021.702585/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2624-9553Glaciers and ice sheets are experiencing dramatic changes in response to recent climate change. This is true in both mountain and polar regions, where the extreme sensitivity of the cryosphere to warming temperatures may be exacerbated by amplification of global climate change. For glaciers and ice sheets, this sensitivity is due to a number of non-linear and threshold processes within glacier mass balance and glacier dynamics. Some of this is simply tied to the freezing point of water; snow and ice are no longer viable above 0°C, so a gradual warming that crosses this threshold triggers the onset of melting or gives rise to an abrupt regime shift between snowfall and rainfall. Other non-linear, temperature-dependent processes are more subtle, such as the evolution from polythermal to temperate ice, which supports faster ice flow, a shift from meltwater retention to runoff in temperate or ice-rich (i.e., heavily melt-affected) firn, and transitions from sublimation to melting under warmer and more humid atmospheric conditions. As melt seasons lengthen, there is also a longer snow-free season and an expansion of glacier ablation area, with the increased exposure of low-albedo ice non-linearly increasing melt rates and meltwater runoff. This can be accentuated by increased concentration of particulate matter associated with algal activity, dust loading from adjacent deglaciated terrain, and deposition of impurities from industrial and wildfire activity. The loss of ice and darkening of glaciers represent an effective transition from white to grey in the world's mountain regions. This article discusses these transitions and regime shifts in the context of challenges to model and project glacier and ice sheet response to climate change.Shawn J. MarshallShawn J. MarshallFrontiers Media S.A.articlenon-linear feedbackstipping pointalbedomeltwater retentionglacier mass balancemountain glaciersEnvironmental sciencesGE1-350ENFrontiers in Climate, Vol 3 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	non-linear feedbacks tipping point albedo meltwater retention glacier mass balance mountain glaciers Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	non-linear feedbacks tipping point albedo meltwater retention glacier mass balance mountain glaciers Environmental sciences GE1-350 Shawn J. Marshall Shawn J. Marshall Regime Shifts in Glacier and Ice Sheet Response to Climate Change: Examples From the Northern Hemisphere
description	Glaciers and ice sheets are experiencing dramatic changes in response to recent climate change. This is true in both mountain and polar regions, where the extreme sensitivity of the cryosphere to warming temperatures may be exacerbated by amplification of global climate change. For glaciers and ice sheets, this sensitivity is due to a number of non-linear and threshold processes within glacier mass balance and glacier dynamics. Some of this is simply tied to the freezing point of water; snow and ice are no longer viable above 0°C, so a gradual warming that crosses this threshold triggers the onset of melting or gives rise to an abrupt regime shift between snowfall and rainfall. Other non-linear, temperature-dependent processes are more subtle, such as the evolution from polythermal to temperate ice, which supports faster ice flow, a shift from meltwater retention to runoff in temperate or ice-rich (i.e., heavily melt-affected) firn, and transitions from sublimation to melting under warmer and more humid atmospheric conditions. As melt seasons lengthen, there is also a longer snow-free season and an expansion of glacier ablation area, with the increased exposure of low-albedo ice non-linearly increasing melt rates and meltwater runoff. This can be accentuated by increased concentration of particulate matter associated with algal activity, dust loading from adjacent deglaciated terrain, and deposition of impurities from industrial and wildfire activity. The loss of ice and darkening of glaciers represent an effective transition from white to grey in the world's mountain regions. This article discusses these transitions and regime shifts in the context of challenges to model and project glacier and ice sheet response to climate change.
format	article
author	Shawn J. Marshall Shawn J. Marshall
author_facet	Shawn J. Marshall Shawn J. Marshall
author_sort	Shawn J. Marshall
title	Regime Shifts in Glacier and Ice Sheet Response to Climate Change: Examples From the Northern Hemisphere
title_short	Regime Shifts in Glacier and Ice Sheet Response to Climate Change: Examples From the Northern Hemisphere
title_full	Regime Shifts in Glacier and Ice Sheet Response to Climate Change: Examples From the Northern Hemisphere
title_fullStr	Regime Shifts in Glacier and Ice Sheet Response to Climate Change: Examples From the Northern Hemisphere
title_full_unstemmed	Regime Shifts in Glacier and Ice Sheet Response to Climate Change: Examples From the Northern Hemisphere
title_sort	regime shifts in glacier and ice sheet response to climate change: examples from the northern hemisphere
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/6127de885f5140eb9dfe389046df89af
work_keys_str_mv	AT shawnjmarshall regimeshiftsinglacierandicesheetresponsetoclimatechangeexamplesfromthenorthernhemisphere AT shawnjmarshall regimeshiftsinglacierandicesheetresponsetoclimatechangeexamplesfromthenorthernhemisphere
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Regime Shifts in Glacier and Ice Sheet Response to Climate Change: Examples From the Northern Hemisphere

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