Borreliae Part 2: Borrelia Relapsing Fever Group and Unclassified Borrelia

Borreliae of the relapsing fever group (RFG) are heterogenous and can be divided mainly into three groups according to vectors, namely the soft-tick-borne relapsing fever (STBRF) Borreliae, the hard-tick-borne relapsing fever (HTBRF) Borreliae...

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Autores principales:	Giusto Trevisan, Marina Cinco, Sara Trevisini, Nicola di Meo, Maurizio Ruscio, Patrizia Forgione, Serena Bonin
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Borrelia</i> soft-tick-borne relapsing fever hard-tick-borne relapsing fever Old World strains New World strains louse-borne relapsing fever Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/613f2d1064f349ffb24306de4d17d704
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:613f2d1064f349ffb24306de4d17d704
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:613f2d1064f349ffb24306de4d17d7042021-11-25T16:47:09Z<i>Borreliae</i> Part 2: <i>Borrelia</i> Relapsing Fever Group and Unclassified <i>Borrelia</i>10.3390/biology101111172079-7737https://doaj.org/article/613f2d1064f349ffb24306de4d17d7042021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/11/1117https://doaj.org/toc/2079-7737<i>Borreliae</i> of the relapsing fever group (RFG) are heterogenous and can be divided mainly into three groups according to vectors, namely the soft-tick-borne relapsing fever (STBRF) <i>Borreliae</i>, the hard-tick-borne relapsing fever (HTBRF) <i>Borreliae</i>, the louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) <i>Borreliae</i>, and the avian relapsing fever ones. With respect to the geographical distribution, the STBRF <i>Borreliae</i> are further subdivided into Old World and New World strains. Except for the Avian relapsing fever group <i>Borreliae</i>, which cause avian spirochetosis, all the others share infectivity in humans. They are indeed the etiological agent of both endemic and epidemic forms of relapsing fever, causing high spirochaetemia and fever. Vectors are primarily soft ticks of <i>Ornithodoros</i> spp. in the STBRF group; hard ticks, notably <i>Ixodes</i> sp., <i>Amblyomma</i> sp., <i>Dermacentor</i> sp., and <i>Rhipicephalus</i> sp., in the HTBRF group; and the louse <i>pediculus humanus humanus</i> in the TBRF one. A recent hypothesis was supported for a common ancestor of RFG <i>Borreliae</i>, transmitted at the beginning by hard-body ticks. Accordingly, STBRF <i>Borreliae</i> switched to use soft-bodied ticks as a vector, which was followed by the use of lice by <i>Borrelia recurrentis</i>. There are also new candidate species of <i>Borreliae</i>, at present unclassified, which are also described in this review.Giusto TrevisanMarina CincoSara TrevisiniNicola di MeoMaurizio RuscioPatrizia ForgioneSerena BoninMDPI AGarticle<i>Borrelia</i>soft-tick-borne relapsing feverhard-tick-borne relapsing feverOld World strainsNew World strainslouse-borne relapsing feverBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENBiology, Vol 10, Iss 1117, p 1117 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Borrelia</i> soft-tick-borne relapsing fever hard-tick-borne relapsing fever Old World strains New World strains louse-borne relapsing fever Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	<i>Borrelia</i> soft-tick-borne relapsing fever hard-tick-borne relapsing fever Old World strains New World strains louse-borne relapsing fever Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Giusto Trevisan Marina Cinco Sara Trevisini Nicola di Meo Maurizio Ruscio Patrizia Forgione Serena Bonin <i>Borreliae</i> Part 2: <i>Borrelia</i> Relapsing Fever Group and Unclassified <i>Borrelia</i>
description	<i>Borreliae</i> of the relapsing fever group (RFG) are heterogenous and can be divided mainly into three groups according to vectors, namely the soft-tick-borne relapsing fever (STBRF) <i>Borreliae</i>, the hard-tick-borne relapsing fever (HTBRF) <i>Borreliae</i>, the louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) <i>Borreliae</i>, and the avian relapsing fever ones. With respect to the geographical distribution, the STBRF <i>Borreliae</i> are further subdivided into Old World and New World strains. Except for the Avian relapsing fever group <i>Borreliae</i>, which cause avian spirochetosis, all the others share infectivity in humans. They are indeed the etiological agent of both endemic and epidemic forms of relapsing fever, causing high spirochaetemia and fever. Vectors are primarily soft ticks of <i>Ornithodoros</i> spp. in the STBRF group; hard ticks, notably <i>Ixodes</i> sp., <i>Amblyomma</i> sp., <i>Dermacentor</i> sp., and <i>Rhipicephalus</i> sp., in the HTBRF group; and the louse <i>pediculus humanus humanus</i> in the TBRF one. A recent hypothesis was supported for a common ancestor of RFG <i>Borreliae</i>, transmitted at the beginning by hard-body ticks. Accordingly, STBRF <i>Borreliae</i> switched to use soft-bodied ticks as a vector, which was followed by the use of lice by <i>Borrelia recurrentis</i>. There are also new candidate species of <i>Borreliae</i>, at present unclassified, which are also described in this review.
format	article
author	Giusto Trevisan Marina Cinco Sara Trevisini Nicola di Meo Maurizio Ruscio Patrizia Forgione Serena Bonin
author_facet	Giusto Trevisan Marina Cinco Sara Trevisini Nicola di Meo Maurizio Ruscio Patrizia Forgione Serena Bonin
author_sort	Giusto Trevisan
title	<i>Borreliae</i> Part 2: <i>Borrelia</i> Relapsing Fever Group and Unclassified <i>Borrelia</i>
title_short	<i>Borreliae</i> Part 2: <i>Borrelia</i> Relapsing Fever Group and Unclassified <i>Borrelia</i>
title_full	<i>Borreliae</i> Part 2: <i>Borrelia</i> Relapsing Fever Group and Unclassified <i>Borrelia</i>
title_fullStr	<i>Borreliae</i> Part 2: <i>Borrelia</i> Relapsing Fever Group and Unclassified <i>Borrelia</i>
title_full_unstemmed	<i>Borreliae</i> Part 2: <i>Borrelia</i> Relapsing Fever Group and Unclassified <i>Borrelia</i>
title_sort	<i>borreliae</i> part 2: <i>borrelia</i> relapsing fever group and unclassified <i>borrelia</i>
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/613f2d1064f349ffb24306de4d17d704
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<i>Borreliae</i> Part 2: <i>Borrelia</i> Relapsing Fever Group and Unclassified <i>Borrelia</i>

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