The unusual isolation of carnobacteria in eyes of healthy salmonids in high-mountain lakes

Abstract Carnobacteria are common bacteria in cold and temperate environments; they are also reported during fish mortality events. In a previous study, carnobacteria were isolated from the eyes of healthy wild salmonids from a high-mountain lake. To better understand these findings, salmonids were...

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Autores principales:	Paolo Pastorino, Silvia Colussi, Elisabetta Pizzul, Katia Varello, Vasco Menconi, Davide Mugetti, Mattia Tomasoni, Giuseppe Esposito, Marco Bertoli, Elena Bozzetta, Alessandro Dondo, Pier Luigi Acutis, Marino Prearo
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/615e273ff2fb45999d1fbbb3039a94ca
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:615e273ff2fb45999d1fbbb3039a94ca2021-12-02T10:48:02ZThe unusual isolation of carnobacteria in eyes of healthy salmonids in high-mountain lakes10.1038/s41598-021-82133-32045-2322https://doaj.org/article/615e273ff2fb45999d1fbbb3039a94ca2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82133-3https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Carnobacteria are common bacteria in cold and temperate environments; they are also reported during fish mortality events. In a previous study, carnobacteria were isolated from the eyes of healthy wild salmonids from a high-mountain lake. To better understand these findings, salmonids were captured from three high-mountain lakes (Lower and Upper Balma Lake, Rouen Lake; northwest Italy) during August 2019 and subjected to bacteriological and histological examination. Although all were healthy, 8.7% (Lower Balma Lake), 24% (Upper Balma Lake), and 32.6% (Rouen Lake) were positive for carnobacteria colonization of the eyes. A Trojan-horse effect was hypothesized to explain carnobacteria isolation in the eye. This immune-escaping macrophage-mediated mechanism has been identified in other Gram-positive bacteria. Biochemical, molecular, and phylogenetic analysis were carried out on isolated bacteria (Carnobacterium maltaromaticum and C. divergens). Based on previous references for carnobacteria isolated from fish, C. maltaromaticum strains were tested for the pisA precursor gene of the bacteriocin piscicolin 126. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum strains were found to display genotypic heterogeneity and a low percentage of pisA positive amplification. Features of geomorphology, geographic isolation, and microbiota common to the three lakes are thought to be possibly related to our findings. Moreover, terrestrial insects collected from the lake shoreline and the stomach contents were screened for the presence of carnobacteria. The salmonids in these high-mountain environments feed mainly on terrestrial insects, which are considered possible vectors for carnobacteria that might catabolize the exoskeleton chitin. All insects tested negative for carnobacteria, but as a small number of samples were analyzed, their role as possible vectors of infection cannot be excluded. Further studies are needed to corroborate our research hypothesis.Paolo PastorinoSilvia ColussiElisabetta PizzulKatia VarelloVasco MenconiDavide MugettiMattia TomasoniGiuseppe EspositoMarco BertoliElena BozzettaAlessandro DondoPier Luigi AcutisMarino PrearoNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Paolo Pastorino Silvia Colussi Elisabetta Pizzul Katia Varello Vasco Menconi Davide Mugetti Mattia Tomasoni Giuseppe Esposito Marco Bertoli Elena Bozzetta Alessandro Dondo Pier Luigi Acutis Marino Prearo The unusual isolation of carnobacteria in eyes of healthy salmonids in high-mountain lakes
description	Abstract Carnobacteria are common bacteria in cold and temperate environments; they are also reported during fish mortality events. In a previous study, carnobacteria were isolated from the eyes of healthy wild salmonids from a high-mountain lake. To better understand these findings, salmonids were captured from three high-mountain lakes (Lower and Upper Balma Lake, Rouen Lake; northwest Italy) during August 2019 and subjected to bacteriological and histological examination. Although all were healthy, 8.7% (Lower Balma Lake), 24% (Upper Balma Lake), and 32.6% (Rouen Lake) were positive for carnobacteria colonization of the eyes. A Trojan-horse effect was hypothesized to explain carnobacteria isolation in the eye. This immune-escaping macrophage-mediated mechanism has been identified in other Gram-positive bacteria. Biochemical, molecular, and phylogenetic analysis were carried out on isolated bacteria (Carnobacterium maltaromaticum and C. divergens). Based on previous references for carnobacteria isolated from fish, C. maltaromaticum strains were tested for the pisA precursor gene of the bacteriocin piscicolin 126. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum strains were found to display genotypic heterogeneity and a low percentage of pisA positive amplification. Features of geomorphology, geographic isolation, and microbiota common to the three lakes are thought to be possibly related to our findings. Moreover, terrestrial insects collected from the lake shoreline and the stomach contents were screened for the presence of carnobacteria. The salmonids in these high-mountain environments feed mainly on terrestrial insects, which are considered possible vectors for carnobacteria that might catabolize the exoskeleton chitin. All insects tested negative for carnobacteria, but as a small number of samples were analyzed, their role as possible vectors of infection cannot be excluded. Further studies are needed to corroborate our research hypothesis.
format	article
author	Paolo Pastorino Silvia Colussi Elisabetta Pizzul Katia Varello Vasco Menconi Davide Mugetti Mattia Tomasoni Giuseppe Esposito Marco Bertoli Elena Bozzetta Alessandro Dondo Pier Luigi Acutis Marino Prearo
author_facet	Paolo Pastorino Silvia Colussi Elisabetta Pizzul Katia Varello Vasco Menconi Davide Mugetti Mattia Tomasoni Giuseppe Esposito Marco Bertoli Elena Bozzetta Alessandro Dondo Pier Luigi Acutis Marino Prearo
author_sort	Paolo Pastorino
title	The unusual isolation of carnobacteria in eyes of healthy salmonids in high-mountain lakes
title_short	The unusual isolation of carnobacteria in eyes of healthy salmonids in high-mountain lakes
title_full	The unusual isolation of carnobacteria in eyes of healthy salmonids in high-mountain lakes
title_fullStr	The unusual isolation of carnobacteria in eyes of healthy salmonids in high-mountain lakes
title_full_unstemmed	The unusual isolation of carnobacteria in eyes of healthy salmonids in high-mountain lakes
title_sort	unusual isolation of carnobacteria in eyes of healthy salmonids in high-mountain lakes
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/615e273ff2fb45999d1fbbb3039a94ca
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The unusual isolation of carnobacteria in eyes of healthy salmonids in high-mountain lakes

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