Two pandemics of the 21st century: COVID-19 and «swine flu» of 2009

This brief analytical review is devoted to spreading, etiology, pathogenesis, prophylaxis, and treatment of COVID-19 and “swine flu” causing pandemics in the 21st century. Both pandemics were caused by respiratory viruses belonging to different families, i.e., Coronaviridae (SARS-CoV-2) and Orthomyx...

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Autor principal:	T. N. Ilyicheva
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	RU
Publicado:	SPb RAACI 2021
Materias:	pandemic sars-cov-2 covid-19 a(h1n1)pdm09 influenza virus immunopathogenesis preexisting immunity Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/61ec1aaf233544159879de0de592e115
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:61ec1aaf233544159879de0de592e1152021-11-18T08:03:50ZTwo pandemics of the 21st century: COVID-19 and «swine flu» of 20091563-06252313-741X10.15789/1563-0625-TPO-2048https://doaj.org/article/61ec1aaf233544159879de0de592e1152021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/2048https://doaj.org/toc/1563-0625https://doaj.org/toc/2313-741XThis brief analytical review is devoted to spreading, etiology, pathogenesis, prophylaxis, and treatment of COVID-19 and “swine flu” causing pandemics in the 21st century. Both pandemics were caused by respiratory viruses belonging to different families, i.e., Coronaviridae (SARS-CoV-2) and Orthomyxoviridae (influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus), respectively. In most cases, pathogens enter human organisms via epithelial cells of the upper airways. Sometimes, these viruses infect intestinal epithelium. Given that symptoms of influenza and COVID-19 are similar, its diagnostics should always be based on laboratory results, especially, PCR evidence for specific RNA presence in clinical material. The paper describes similarities and differences in immune pathogenesis of the diseases. The main characteristics of two pandemic courses caused by SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 are revealed. The presence of influenza vaccine and etiotropic chemotherapeutic agents, as well as preexisting immunity to influenza virus among elderly people in 2009 had a significant influence on morbidity and mortality during the influenza pandemic. The presence of antibodies to A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in sera of elderly people before the pandemic can be explained by the fact that some antigenic properties of A(H1N1) virus which circulated before 1957 were similar to that of A/California/07/09 (H1N1)pdm09. Consequently, morbidity and mortality among people older than 65 (main risk group) were low, while children and young adults suffered more often. The opposite pattern is observed for COVID-19, since mortality among the elderly population is high, while the children and young adults have an asymptomatic or mild form of a disease. A suggestion is made that population in the South-East Asia may have immunity against SARS-CoV-2, since coronaviruses with antigenic features similar to the pandemic one could circulate in that region and infect population without evident symptoms, while one or several recent virus variants caused severe disease and COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan.T. N. IlyichevaSPb RAACIarticlepandemicsars-cov-2covid-19a(h1n1)pdm09 influenza virusimmunopathogenesispreexisting immunityImmunologic diseases. AllergyRC581-607RUMedicinskaâ Immunologiâ, Vol 22, Iss 6, Pp 1035-1044 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	RU
topic	pandemic sars-cov-2 covid-19 a(h1n1)pdm09 influenza virus immunopathogenesis preexisting immunity Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
spellingShingle	pandemic sars-cov-2 covid-19 a(h1n1)pdm09 influenza virus immunopathogenesis preexisting immunity Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 T. N. Ilyicheva Two pandemics of the 21st century: COVID-19 and «swine flu» of 2009
description	This brief analytical review is devoted to spreading, etiology, pathogenesis, prophylaxis, and treatment of COVID-19 and “swine flu” causing pandemics in the 21st century. Both pandemics were caused by respiratory viruses belonging to different families, i.e., Coronaviridae (SARS-CoV-2) and Orthomyxoviridae (influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus), respectively. In most cases, pathogens enter human organisms via epithelial cells of the upper airways. Sometimes, these viruses infect intestinal epithelium. Given that symptoms of influenza and COVID-19 are similar, its diagnostics should always be based on laboratory results, especially, PCR evidence for specific RNA presence in clinical material. The paper describes similarities and differences in immune pathogenesis of the diseases. The main characteristics of two pandemic courses caused by SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 are revealed. The presence of influenza vaccine and etiotropic chemotherapeutic agents, as well as preexisting immunity to influenza virus among elderly people in 2009 had a significant influence on morbidity and mortality during the influenza pandemic. The presence of antibodies to A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in sera of elderly people before the pandemic can be explained by the fact that some antigenic properties of A(H1N1) virus which circulated before 1957 were similar to that of A/California/07/09 (H1N1)pdm09. Consequently, morbidity and mortality among people older than 65 (main risk group) were low, while children and young adults suffered more often. The opposite pattern is observed for COVID-19, since mortality among the elderly population is high, while the children and young adults have an asymptomatic or mild form of a disease. A suggestion is made that population in the South-East Asia may have immunity against SARS-CoV-2, since coronaviruses with antigenic features similar to the pandemic one could circulate in that region and infect population without evident symptoms, while one or several recent virus variants caused severe disease and COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan.
format	article
author	T. N. Ilyicheva
author_facet	T. N. Ilyicheva
author_sort	T. N. Ilyicheva
title	Two pandemics of the 21st century: COVID-19 and «swine flu» of 2009
title_short	Two pandemics of the 21st century: COVID-19 and «swine flu» of 2009
title_full	Two pandemics of the 21st century: COVID-19 and «swine flu» of 2009
title_fullStr	Two pandemics of the 21st century: COVID-19 and «swine flu» of 2009
title_full_unstemmed	Two pandemics of the 21st century: COVID-19 and «swine flu» of 2009
title_sort	two pandemics of the 21st century: covid-19 and «swine flu» of 2009
publisher	SPb RAACI
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/61ec1aaf233544159879de0de592e115
work_keys_str_mv	AT tnilyicheva twopandemicsofthe21stcenturycovid19andswinefluof2009
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Two pandemics of the 21st century: COVID-19 and «swine flu» of 2009

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