Electro interstitial scan system: assessment of 10 years of research and development

Albert MaarekResearch and Development, LD Technology, Miami, FL, USABackground: Ten years of research and development have allowed an understanding of how the electro interstitial scan (EIS) works and what its clinical applications may be.Materials and methods: The EIS is a galvanic skin response de...

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Autor principal:	Maarek A
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2012
Materias:	Medical technology R855-855.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/625cdf5d46974d6d8cd12445a3e15368
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:625cdf5d46974d6d8cd12445a3e153682021-12-02T07:14:52ZElectro interstitial scan system: assessment of 10 years of research and development1179-1470https://doaj.org/article/625cdf5d46974d6d8cd12445a3e153682012-03-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.dovepress.com/electro-interstitial-scan-system-assessment-of-10-years-of-research-an-a9407https://doaj.org/toc/1179-1470Albert MaarekResearch and Development, LD Technology, Miami, FL, USABackground: Ten years of research and development have allowed an understanding of how the electro interstitial scan (EIS) works and what its clinical applications may be.Materials and methods: The EIS is a galvanic skin response device. The measurements are performed by electrical stimulation of the post sympathetic cholinergic fiber with weak DC current and voltage 1.28V applied during 2 minutes and in bipolar mode.Current scientific knowledge: EIS electrical measurements are related to: (1) the concentration of free chloride ions in the interstitial fluid, which affects the transfer of electrical current and the ratio intensity/voltage; (2) the morphology of the interstitial fluid, which is related to the electrical dispersion calculated from the Cole equation (&alpha; parameter); (3) electrical stimulation, which causes a change in sweat rate at the passive electrodes &ndash; post sympathetic cholinergic fiber electrical stimulation appears to be responsible for activating M2 receptors, which regulate nitric oxide (NO) production in the endothelial cell and cause vasodilation and a released sweat response; and (4) the electrochemical redox reactions (electrolysis) of the released sweat on electrodes, which are different on the bulk of the metal electrodes (O2 + [4H+] + [4e-]) and on the Ag/AgCl disposable electrodes (AgCl precipitation).Results: For each of the EIS clinical results, various explanations were posited, such as: (1) electrical stimulation of the postsympathetic cholinergic fiber-activating NO production in the endothelial cell, which causes vasodilation and a released sweat response (diabetes detection); (2) estimation of interstitial fluid&#39;s acid&ndash;base balance, which is reflected in an electrochemical reaction on the bulk of the electrodes through the released sweat (prostate cancer detection); (3) estimation of cerebral interstitial fluid chloride ions (detection of ADHD in children); and (4) estimation of the morphology of the interstitial fluid (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment response).Conclusion: After 10 years of development, the analysis of current scientific knowledge and results of clinical investigations have allowed a better understanding of EIS electrical measurements.Keywords: EIS, electro interstitial scan, electrochemical redox reactions, postsympathetic cholinergic electrical stimulation, ADHD, SSRI treatment responses, prostate cancer, diabetesMaarek ADove Medical PressarticleMedical technologyR855-855.5ENMedical Devices: Evidence and Research, Vol 2012, Iss default, Pp 23-30 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medical technology R855-855.5
spellingShingle	Medical technology R855-855.5 Maarek A Electro interstitial scan system: assessment of 10 years of research and development
description	Albert MaarekResearch and Development, LD Technology, Miami, FL, USABackground: Ten years of research and development have allowed an understanding of how the electro interstitial scan (EIS) works and what its clinical applications may be.Materials and methods: The EIS is a galvanic skin response device. The measurements are performed by electrical stimulation of the post sympathetic cholinergic fiber with weak DC current and voltage 1.28V applied during 2 minutes and in bipolar mode.Current scientific knowledge: EIS electrical measurements are related to: (1) the concentration of free chloride ions in the interstitial fluid, which affects the transfer of electrical current and the ratio intensity/voltage; (2) the morphology of the interstitial fluid, which is related to the electrical dispersion calculated from the Cole equation (&alpha; parameter); (3) electrical stimulation, which causes a change in sweat rate at the passive electrodes &ndash; post sympathetic cholinergic fiber electrical stimulation appears to be responsible for activating M2 receptors, which regulate nitric oxide (NO) production in the endothelial cell and cause vasodilation and a released sweat response; and (4) the electrochemical redox reactions (electrolysis) of the released sweat on electrodes, which are different on the bulk of the metal electrodes (O2 + [4H+] + [4e-]) and on the Ag/AgCl disposable electrodes (AgCl precipitation).Results: For each of the EIS clinical results, various explanations were posited, such as: (1) electrical stimulation of the postsympathetic cholinergic fiber-activating NO production in the endothelial cell, which causes vasodilation and a released sweat response (diabetes detection); (2) estimation of interstitial fluid&#39;s acid&ndash;base balance, which is reflected in an electrochemical reaction on the bulk of the electrodes through the released sweat (prostate cancer detection); (3) estimation of cerebral interstitial fluid chloride ions (detection of ADHD in children); and (4) estimation of the morphology of the interstitial fluid (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment response).Conclusion: After 10 years of development, the analysis of current scientific knowledge and results of clinical investigations have allowed a better understanding of EIS electrical measurements.Keywords: EIS, electro interstitial scan, electrochemical redox reactions, postsympathetic cholinergic electrical stimulation, ADHD, SSRI treatment responses, prostate cancer, diabetes
format	article
author	Maarek A
author_facet	Maarek A
author_sort	Maarek A
title	Electro interstitial scan system: assessment of 10 years of research and development
title_short	Electro interstitial scan system: assessment of 10 years of research and development
title_full	Electro interstitial scan system: assessment of 10 years of research and development
title_fullStr	Electro interstitial scan system: assessment of 10 years of research and development
title_full_unstemmed	Electro interstitial scan system: assessment of 10 years of research and development
title_sort	electro interstitial scan system: assessment of 10 years of research and development
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/625cdf5d46974d6d8cd12445a3e15368
work_keys_str_mv	AT maareka electrointerstitialscansystemassessmentof10yearsofresearchanddevelopment
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Electro interstitial scan system: assessment of 10 years of research and development

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