Variables associated with olfactory disorders in adults: A U.S. population-based analysis

Objective: Olfactory dysfunction is known to have significant social, psychological, and safety implications. Despite increasingly recognized prevalence, potential risk factors for olfactory loss have been arbitrarily documented and knowledge is limited in scale. The aim of this study is to identify...

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Autores principales:	Julia Noel, Al-Rahim R. Habib, Andrew Thamboo, Zara M. Patel
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. 2017
Materias:	Otorhinolaryngology RF1-547 Surgery RD1-811
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/627f4e96397e403eb39861b5e0c73d11
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:627f4e96397e403eb39861b5e0c73d112021-12-02T10:50:18ZVariables associated with olfactory disorders in adults: A U.S. population-based analysis2095-881110.1016/j.wjorl.2017.02.005https://doaj.org/article/627f4e96397e403eb39861b5e0c73d112017-03-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S209588111630066Xhttps://doaj.org/toc/2095-8811Objective: Olfactory dysfunction is known to have significant social, psychological, and safety implications. Despite increasingly recognized prevalence, potential risk factors for olfactory loss have been arbitrarily documented and knowledge is limited in scale. The aim of this study is to identify potential demographic and exposure variables correlating with olfactory dysfunction. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of the 2011â2012 and 2013â2014 editions of the National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey was performed. The utilized survey reports from a nationally representative sample of about 5000 persons each year located in counties across the United States. There is an interview and physical examination component which includes demographic, socioeconomic, dietary, and health-related questions as well as medical, dental, physiologic measurements, and laboratory tests. 3594 adult respondents from 2011 to 2012 and 3708 respondents from 2013 to 2014 were identified from the above population-based database. The frequency of self-reported disorders as well as performance on odor identification testing was determined in relation to demographic factors, occupational or environmental exposures, and urinary levels of environmental and industrial compounds. Results: In both subjective and objective analysis, smell disorders were significantly more common with increasing age. While the non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic Asian populations were less likely to report subjective olfactory loss, they, along with Hispanics, performed more poorly on odor identification than Caucasians. Those with limited education had a decreased prevalence of hyposmia. Women outperformed men on smell testing. Those reporting exposure to vapors were more likely to experience olfactory dysfunction, and urinary levels of manganese, 2-Thioxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, and 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid were lower among respondents with subjective smell disturbance. In odor detection, elevated serum levels of lead and urinary levels of 2,4 dichlorophenol were associated with anosmia and hyposmia, respectively. Conclusions: This study provides current, population-based data identifying demographic and exposure elements related to smell disturbances in U.S. adults. Age, race, gender, education, exposure to vapors, urinary levels of manganese, 2-Thioxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid, 2,4 dichlorophenol, and serum lead levels were all implicated in smell disturbance. Care should be taken in interpretation due to lack of consistency between subjective and objective measures of olfaction as well as limitations related to population-based data. Prospective trials are indicated to further elucidate these relationships. Keywords: Population based study, Olfaction, Olfactory loss, Olfactory dysfunction, Smell loss, Risk factorsJulia NoelAl-Rahim R. HabibAndrew ThambooZara M. PatelKeAi Communications Co., Ltd.articleOtorhinolaryngologyRF1-547SurgeryRD1-811ENWorld Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vol 3, Iss 1, Pp 9-16 (2017)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Otorhinolaryngology RF1-547 Surgery RD1-811
spellingShingle	Otorhinolaryngology RF1-547 Surgery RD1-811 Julia Noel Al-Rahim R. Habib Andrew Thamboo Zara M. Patel Variables associated with olfactory disorders in adults: A U.S. population-based analysis
description	Objective: Olfactory dysfunction is known to have significant social, psychological, and safety implications. Despite increasingly recognized prevalence, potential risk factors for olfactory loss have been arbitrarily documented and knowledge is limited in scale. The aim of this study is to identify potential demographic and exposure variables correlating with olfactory dysfunction. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of the 2011â2012 and 2013â2014 editions of the National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey was performed. The utilized survey reports from a nationally representative sample of about 5000 persons each year located in counties across the United States. There is an interview and physical examination component which includes demographic, socioeconomic, dietary, and health-related questions as well as medical, dental, physiologic measurements, and laboratory tests. 3594 adult respondents from 2011 to 2012 and 3708 respondents from 2013 to 2014 were identified from the above population-based database. The frequency of self-reported disorders as well as performance on odor identification testing was determined in relation to demographic factors, occupational or environmental exposures, and urinary levels of environmental and industrial compounds. Results: In both subjective and objective analysis, smell disorders were significantly more common with increasing age. While the non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic Asian populations were less likely to report subjective olfactory loss, they, along with Hispanics, performed more poorly on odor identification than Caucasians. Those with limited education had a decreased prevalence of hyposmia. Women outperformed men on smell testing. Those reporting exposure to vapors were more likely to experience olfactory dysfunction, and urinary levels of manganese, 2-Thioxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, and 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid were lower among respondents with subjective smell disturbance. In odor detection, elevated serum levels of lead and urinary levels of 2,4 dichlorophenol were associated with anosmia and hyposmia, respectively. Conclusions: This study provides current, population-based data identifying demographic and exposure elements related to smell disturbances in U.S. adults. Age, race, gender, education, exposure to vapors, urinary levels of manganese, 2-Thioxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid, 2,4 dichlorophenol, and serum lead levels were all implicated in smell disturbance. Care should be taken in interpretation due to lack of consistency between subjective and objective measures of olfaction as well as limitations related to population-based data. Prospective trials are indicated to further elucidate these relationships. Keywords: Population based study, Olfaction, Olfactory loss, Olfactory dysfunction, Smell loss, Risk factors
format	article
author	Julia Noel Al-Rahim R. Habib Andrew Thamboo Zara M. Patel
author_facet	Julia Noel Al-Rahim R. Habib Andrew Thamboo Zara M. Patel
author_sort	Julia Noel
title	Variables associated with olfactory disorders in adults: A U.S. population-based analysis
title_short	Variables associated with olfactory disorders in adults: A U.S. population-based analysis
title_full	Variables associated with olfactory disorders in adults: A U.S. population-based analysis
title_fullStr	Variables associated with olfactory disorders in adults: A U.S. population-based analysis
title_full_unstemmed	Variables associated with olfactory disorders in adults: A U.S. population-based analysis
title_sort	variables associated with olfactory disorders in adults: a u.s. population-based analysis
publisher	KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
publishDate	2017
url	https://doaj.org/article/627f4e96397e403eb39861b5e0c73d11
work_keys_str_mv	AT julianoel variablesassociatedwitholfactorydisordersinadultsauspopulationbasedanalysis AT alrahimrhabib variablesassociatedwitholfactorydisordersinadultsauspopulationbasedanalysis AT andrewthamboo variablesassociatedwitholfactorydisordersinadultsauspopulationbasedanalysis AT zarampatel variablesassociatedwitholfactorydisordersinadultsauspopulationbasedanalysis
_version_	1718396592153690112

Variables associated with olfactory disorders in adults: A U.S. population-based analysis

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