Rejection of unfair offers can be driven by negative emotions, evidence from modified ultimatum games with anonymity.

The rejection of unfair offers can be affected by both negative emotions (e.g. anger and moral disgust) and deliberate cognitive processing of behavioral consequences (e.g. concerns of maintaining social fairness and protecting personal reputation). However, whether negative emotions are sufficient...

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Autores principales:	Ning Ma, Nan Li, Xiao-Song He, De-Lin Sun, Xiaochu Zhang, Da-Ren Zhang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2012
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/628d926e119f4c51ac5ee68217539434
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:628d926e119f4c51ac5ee682175394342021-11-18T07:14:07ZRejection of unfair offers can be driven by negative emotions, evidence from modified ultimatum games with anonymity.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0039619https://doaj.org/article/628d926e119f4c51ac5ee682175394342012-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22761845/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203The rejection of unfair offers can be affected by both negative emotions (e.g. anger and moral disgust) and deliberate cognitive processing of behavioral consequences (e.g. concerns of maintaining social fairness and protecting personal reputation). However, whether negative emotions are sufficient to motivate this behavior is still controversial. With modified ultimatum games, a recent study (Yamagishi T, et al. (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:11520-11523) found that people reject unfair offers even when this behavior increases inequity, and even when they could not communicate to the proposers. Yamagishi suggested that rejection of unfair offers could occur without people's concerning of maintaining social fairness, and could be driven by negative emotions. However, as anonymity was not sufficiently guaranteed in Yamagishi's study, the rejection rates in their experiments may have been influenced by people's concerns of protecting personal reputation (reputational concerns) in addition to negative emotions; thus, it was unclear whether the rejection was driven by negative emotions, or by reputational concerns, or both. In the present study, with specific methods to ensure anonymity, the effect of reputational concerns was successfully ruled out. We found that in a private situation in which rejection could not be driven by reputational concerns, the rejection rates of unfair offers were significantly larger than zero, and in public situations in which rejection rates could be influenced by both negative emotions and reputational concerns, rejection rates were significantly higher than that in the private situation. These results, together with Yamagishi's findings, provided more complete evidence suggesting (a) that the rejection of unfair offers can be driven by negative emotions and (b) that deliberate cognitive processing of the consequences of the behavior can increase the rejection rate, which may benefit social cooperation.Ning MaNan LiXiao-Song HeDe-Lin SunXiaochu ZhangDa-Ren ZhangPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 6, p e39619 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Ning Ma Nan Li Xiao-Song He De-Lin Sun Xiaochu Zhang Da-Ren Zhang Rejection of unfair offers can be driven by negative emotions, evidence from modified ultimatum games with anonymity.
description	The rejection of unfair offers can be affected by both negative emotions (e.g. anger and moral disgust) and deliberate cognitive processing of behavioral consequences (e.g. concerns of maintaining social fairness and protecting personal reputation). However, whether negative emotions are sufficient to motivate this behavior is still controversial. With modified ultimatum games, a recent study (Yamagishi T, et al. (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:11520-11523) found that people reject unfair offers even when this behavior increases inequity, and even when they could not communicate to the proposers. Yamagishi suggested that rejection of unfair offers could occur without people's concerning of maintaining social fairness, and could be driven by negative emotions. However, as anonymity was not sufficiently guaranteed in Yamagishi's study, the rejection rates in their experiments may have been influenced by people's concerns of protecting personal reputation (reputational concerns) in addition to negative emotions; thus, it was unclear whether the rejection was driven by negative emotions, or by reputational concerns, or both. In the present study, with specific methods to ensure anonymity, the effect of reputational concerns was successfully ruled out. We found that in a private situation in which rejection could not be driven by reputational concerns, the rejection rates of unfair offers were significantly larger than zero, and in public situations in which rejection rates could be influenced by both negative emotions and reputational concerns, rejection rates were significantly higher than that in the private situation. These results, together with Yamagishi's findings, provided more complete evidence suggesting (a) that the rejection of unfair offers can be driven by negative emotions and (b) that deliberate cognitive processing of the consequences of the behavior can increase the rejection rate, which may benefit social cooperation.
format	article
author	Ning Ma Nan Li Xiao-Song He De-Lin Sun Xiaochu Zhang Da-Ren Zhang
author_facet	Ning Ma Nan Li Xiao-Song He De-Lin Sun Xiaochu Zhang Da-Ren Zhang
author_sort	Ning Ma
title	Rejection of unfair offers can be driven by negative emotions, evidence from modified ultimatum games with anonymity.
title_short	Rejection of unfair offers can be driven by negative emotions, evidence from modified ultimatum games with anonymity.
title_full	Rejection of unfair offers can be driven by negative emotions, evidence from modified ultimatum games with anonymity.
title_fullStr	Rejection of unfair offers can be driven by negative emotions, evidence from modified ultimatum games with anonymity.
title_full_unstemmed	Rejection of unfair offers can be driven by negative emotions, evidence from modified ultimatum games with anonymity.
title_sort	rejection of unfair offers can be driven by negative emotions, evidence from modified ultimatum games with anonymity.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/628d926e119f4c51ac5ee68217539434
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Rejection of unfair offers can be driven by negative emotions, evidence from modified ultimatum games with anonymity.

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