Evaluation of the Removal of Selected Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Supported by Constructed Wetlands

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) have a negative impact on living organisms in the environment, therefore, are among the group of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (ECDs). Unfortunately, conventional methods used in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) are not designed to eliminate PAEs. For this...

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Autores principales:	Daniel Wolecki, Barbara Trella, Fei Qi, Piotr Stepnowski, Jolanta Kumirska
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	phthalic acid esters constructed wetlands municipal wastewater plant Organic chemistry QD241-441
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/63baba3b3ec14738b1b03181cb4238b0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:63baba3b3ec14738b1b03181cb4238b02021-11-25T18:28:46ZEvaluation of the Removal of Selected Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Supported by Constructed Wetlands10.3390/molecules262269661420-3049https://doaj.org/article/63baba3b3ec14738b1b03181cb4238b02021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/22/6966https://doaj.org/toc/1420-3049Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) have a negative impact on living organisms in the environment, therefore, are among the group of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (ECDs). Unfortunately, conventional methods used in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) are not designed to eliminate PAEs. For this reason, the development of cheap and simple but very effective techniques for the removal of such residues from wastewater is crucial. The main aim of this study was the evaluation of the removal of six selected PAEs: diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-<i>n</i>-octyl phthalate (DOP), di-<i>n</i>-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP), in real MWWTPs supported by constructed wetlands (MWWTP–CW system). For the first time, the possibility of using three new plants for this purpose, <i>Cyperus papyrus</i> (papyrus), <i>Lysimachia nemorum</i> (yellow pimpernel) and <i>Euonymus europaeus</i> (European spindle), has been presented. For determining the target PAEs in wastewater samples, a method of SPE (Solid-Phase Extraction)–GC–MS(SIM) was developed and validated, and for plant materials, a method of UAE (Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction)–SPE–GC–MS(SIM) was proposed. The obtained data showed that the application of the MWWTP–CW system allows a significant increase in the removal of DEP, DBP, BBP and DEHP from the wastewater stream. <i>Euonymus europaeus</i> was the most effective among the tested plant species for the uptake of analytes (8938 ng × g<sup>−1</sup> dry weight), thus, this plant was found to be optimal for supporting conventional MWWTPs.Daniel WoleckiBarbara TrellaFei QiPiotr StepnowskiJolanta KumirskaMDPI AGarticlephthalic acid estersconstructed wetlandsmunicipal wastewaterplantOrganic chemistryQD241-441ENMolecules, Vol 26, Iss 6966, p 6966 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	phthalic acid esters constructed wetlands municipal wastewater plant Organic chemistry QD241-441
spellingShingle	phthalic acid esters constructed wetlands municipal wastewater plant Organic chemistry QD241-441 Daniel Wolecki Barbara Trella Fei Qi Piotr Stepnowski Jolanta Kumirska Evaluation of the Removal of Selected Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Supported by Constructed Wetlands
description	Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) have a negative impact on living organisms in the environment, therefore, are among the group of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (ECDs). Unfortunately, conventional methods used in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) are not designed to eliminate PAEs. For this reason, the development of cheap and simple but very effective techniques for the removal of such residues from wastewater is crucial. The main aim of this study was the evaluation of the removal of six selected PAEs: diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-<i>n</i>-octyl phthalate (DOP), di-<i>n</i>-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP), in real MWWTPs supported by constructed wetlands (MWWTP–CW system). For the first time, the possibility of using three new plants for this purpose, <i>Cyperus papyrus</i> (papyrus), <i>Lysimachia nemorum</i> (yellow pimpernel) and <i>Euonymus europaeus</i> (European spindle), has been presented. For determining the target PAEs in wastewater samples, a method of SPE (Solid-Phase Extraction)–GC–MS(SIM) was developed and validated, and for plant materials, a method of UAE (Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction)–SPE–GC–MS(SIM) was proposed. The obtained data showed that the application of the MWWTP–CW system allows a significant increase in the removal of DEP, DBP, BBP and DEHP from the wastewater stream. <i>Euonymus europaeus</i> was the most effective among the tested plant species for the uptake of analytes (8938 ng × g<sup>−1</sup> dry weight), thus, this plant was found to be optimal for supporting conventional MWWTPs.
format	article
author	Daniel Wolecki Barbara Trella Fei Qi Piotr Stepnowski Jolanta Kumirska
author_facet	Daniel Wolecki Barbara Trella Fei Qi Piotr Stepnowski Jolanta Kumirska
author_sort	Daniel Wolecki
title	Evaluation of the Removal of Selected Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Supported by Constructed Wetlands
title_short	Evaluation of the Removal of Selected Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Supported by Constructed Wetlands
title_full	Evaluation of the Removal of Selected Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Supported by Constructed Wetlands
title_fullStr	Evaluation of the Removal of Selected Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Supported by Constructed Wetlands
title_full_unstemmed	Evaluation of the Removal of Selected Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Supported by Constructed Wetlands
title_sort	evaluation of the removal of selected phthalic acid esters (paes) in municipal wastewater treatment plants supported by constructed wetlands
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/63baba3b3ec14738b1b03181cb4238b0
work_keys_str_mv	AT danielwolecki evaluationoftheremovalofselectedphthalicacidesterspaesinmunicipalwastewatertreatmentplantssupportedbyconstructedwetlands AT barbaratrella evaluationoftheremovalofselectedphthalicacidesterspaesinmunicipalwastewatertreatmentplantssupportedbyconstructedwetlands AT feiqi evaluationoftheremovalofselectedphthalicacidesterspaesinmunicipalwastewatertreatmentplantssupportedbyconstructedwetlands AT piotrstepnowski evaluationoftheremovalofselectedphthalicacidesterspaesinmunicipalwastewatertreatmentplantssupportedbyconstructedwetlands AT jolantakumirska evaluationoftheremovalofselectedphthalicacidesterspaesinmunicipalwastewatertreatmentplantssupportedbyconstructedwetlands
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Evaluation of the Removal of Selected Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Supported by Constructed Wetlands

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