Roles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANS

The 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2-OGD) superfamily is one of the largest protein families in plants. The main oxidation reactions they catalyze in plants are hydroxylation, desaturation, demethylation, epimerization, and halogenation. Four members of the 2-OGD superfamily, i.e., flavonone...

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Autores principales:	Yueyue Wang, Yufeng Shi, Kaiyuan Li, Dong Yang, Nana Liu, Lingjie Zhang, Lei Zhao, Xinfu Zhang, Yajun Liu, Liping Gao, Tao Xia, Peiqiang Wang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	2-OGDs oxidation reactions functional redundancy evolutionary relationship flavonoid pathway Organic chemistry QD241-441
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/642f02506ce249bfabb6ae247b4f04d1
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:642f02506ce249bfabb6ae247b4f04d12021-11-11T18:40:36ZRoles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANS10.3390/molecules262167451420-3049https://doaj.org/article/642f02506ce249bfabb6ae247b4f04d12021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/21/6745https://doaj.org/toc/1420-3049The 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2-OGD) superfamily is one of the largest protein families in plants. The main oxidation reactions they catalyze in plants are hydroxylation, desaturation, demethylation, epimerization, and halogenation. Four members of the 2-OGD superfamily, i.e., flavonone 3β-hydroxylase (F3H), flavones synthase I (FNS I), flavonol synthase (FLS), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS)/leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX), are present in the flavonoid pathway, catalyzing hydroxylation and desaturation reactions. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress on these proteins, from the discovery of their enzymatic activity, to their functional verification, to the analysis of the response they mediate in plants towards adversity. Substrate diversity analysis indicated that F3H, FNS Ⅰ, ANS/LDOX, and FLS perform their respective dominant functions in the flavonoid pathway, despite the presence of functional redundancy among them. The phylogenetic tree classified two types of FNS Ⅰ, one mainly performing FNS activity, and the other, a new type of FNS present in angiosperms, mainly involved in C-5 hydroxylation of SA. Additionally, a new class of LDOXs is highlighted, which can catalyze the conversion of (+)-catechin to cyanidin, further influencing the starter and extension unit composition of proanthocyanidins (PAs). The systematical description of the functional diversity and evolutionary relationship among these enzymes can facilitate the understanding of their impacts on plant metabolism. On the other hand, it provides molecular genetic evidence of the chemical evolution of flavonoids from lower to higher plants, promoting plant adaptation to harsh environments.Yueyue WangYufeng ShiKaiyuan LiDong YangNana LiuLingjie ZhangLei ZhaoXinfu ZhangYajun LiuLiping GaoTao XiaPeiqiang WangMDPI AGarticle2-OGDsoxidation reactionsfunctional redundancyevolutionary relationshipflavonoid pathwayOrganic chemistryQD241-441ENMolecules, Vol 26, Iss 6745, p 6745 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	2-OGDs oxidation reactions functional redundancy evolutionary relationship flavonoid pathway Organic chemistry QD241-441
spellingShingle	2-OGDs oxidation reactions functional redundancy evolutionary relationship flavonoid pathway Organic chemistry QD241-441 Yueyue Wang Yufeng Shi Kaiyuan Li Dong Yang Nana Liu Lingjie Zhang Lei Zhao Xinfu Zhang Yajun Liu Liping Gao Tao Xia Peiqiang Wang Roles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANS
description	The 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2-OGD) superfamily is one of the largest protein families in plants. The main oxidation reactions they catalyze in plants are hydroxylation, desaturation, demethylation, epimerization, and halogenation. Four members of the 2-OGD superfamily, i.e., flavonone 3β-hydroxylase (F3H), flavones synthase I (FNS I), flavonol synthase (FLS), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS)/leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX), are present in the flavonoid pathway, catalyzing hydroxylation and desaturation reactions. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress on these proteins, from the discovery of their enzymatic activity, to their functional verification, to the analysis of the response they mediate in plants towards adversity. Substrate diversity analysis indicated that F3H, FNS Ⅰ, ANS/LDOX, and FLS perform their respective dominant functions in the flavonoid pathway, despite the presence of functional redundancy among them. The phylogenetic tree classified two types of FNS Ⅰ, one mainly performing FNS activity, and the other, a new type of FNS present in angiosperms, mainly involved in C-5 hydroxylation of SA. Additionally, a new class of LDOXs is highlighted, which can catalyze the conversion of (+)-catechin to cyanidin, further influencing the starter and extension unit composition of proanthocyanidins (PAs). The systematical description of the functional diversity and evolutionary relationship among these enzymes can facilitate the understanding of their impacts on plant metabolism. On the other hand, it provides molecular genetic evidence of the chemical evolution of flavonoids from lower to higher plants, promoting plant adaptation to harsh environments.
format	article
author	Yueyue Wang Yufeng Shi Kaiyuan Li Dong Yang Nana Liu Lingjie Zhang Lei Zhao Xinfu Zhang Yajun Liu Liping Gao Tao Xia Peiqiang Wang
author_facet	Yueyue Wang Yufeng Shi Kaiyuan Li Dong Yang Nana Liu Lingjie Zhang Lei Zhao Xinfu Zhang Yajun Liu Liping Gao Tao Xia Peiqiang Wang
author_sort	Yueyue Wang
title	Roles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANS
title_short	Roles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANS
title_full	Roles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANS
title_fullStr	Roles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANS
title_full_unstemmed	Roles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANS
title_sort	roles of the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily in the flavonoid pathway: a review of the functional diversity of f3h, fns i, fls, and ldox/ans
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/642f02506ce249bfabb6ae247b4f04d1
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Roles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANS

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