Assessment and Evaluation of Force–Velocity Variables in Flywheel Squats: Validity and Reliability of Force Plates, a Linear Encoder Sensor, and a Rotary Encoder Sensor

Research into flywheel (FW) resistance training and force–velocity–power (F–v–P) profiling has recently gained attention. Ground reaction force (GRF) and velocity (v) during FW squats can be predicted from...

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Autores principales:	Darjan Spudić, Robert Cvitkovič, Nejc Šarabon
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	reproducibility isoinertial concurrent validity eccentric overload Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/64b19102936846b98b8a7754187caf01
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:64b19102936846b98b8a7754187caf012021-11-25T16:31:05ZAssessment and Evaluation of Force–Velocity Variables in Flywheel Squats: Validity and Reliability of Force Plates, a Linear Encoder Sensor, and a Rotary Encoder Sensor10.3390/app1122105412076-3417https://doaj.org/article/64b19102936846b98b8a7754187caf012021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/22/10541https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3417Research into flywheel (FW) resistance training and force–velocity–power (<i>F</i>–<i>v</i>–<i>P</i>) profiling has recently gained attention. Ground reaction force (<i>GRF</i>) and velocity (<i>v</i>) during FW squats can be predicted from shaft rotational data. Our study aimed to compare the inter-set reliability of <i>GRF</i>, <i>v</i>, and <i>F</i>–<i>v</i>–<i>P</i> relationship output variables calculated from force plates and linear encoder (presumed gold-standard) and rotary encoder data. Fifty participants performed two sets of FW squats at four inertias. Peak and mean concentric and eccentric <i>GRF</i>, <i>v</i>, and <i>F</i>–<i>v</i>–<i>P</i> outcomes from mean variables during the concentric phase of the squat were calculated. Good to excellent reliability was found for <i>GRF</i> and <i>v</i> (ICC > 0.85), regardless of the measure and the variable type. The <i>F</i>–<i>v</i>–<i>P</i> outcomes showed moderate to good reliability (ICC > 0.74). Inter-measure bias (<i>p</i> < 0.05) was found in the majority of <i>GRF</i> and <i>v</i> variables, as well as for all the calculated <i>F</i>–<i>v</i>–<i>P</i> outcomes (trivial to large TEs) with very large to perfect correlations for <i>v</i> (r 0.797–0.948), <i>GRF</i> (r 0.712–0.959), and, finally, <i>F</i>–<i>v</i>–<i>P</i> outcomes (ICC 0.737–0.943). Rotary encoder overestimated the force plates and linear encoder variables, and the differences were dependent on the level of inertia. Despite high reliability, FW device users should be aware of the discrepancy between the measures.Darjan SpudićRobert CvitkovičNejc ŠarabonMDPI AGarticlereproducibilityisoinertialconcurrent validityeccentric overloadTechnologyTEngineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040Biology (General)QH301-705.5PhysicsQC1-999ChemistryQD1-999ENApplied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 10541, p 10541 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	reproducibility isoinertial concurrent validity eccentric overload Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	reproducibility isoinertial concurrent validity eccentric overload Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 Darjan Spudić Robert Cvitkovič Nejc Šarabon Assessment and Evaluation of Force–Velocity Variables in Flywheel Squats: Validity and Reliability of Force Plates, a Linear Encoder Sensor, and a Rotary Encoder Sensor
description	Research into flywheel (FW) resistance training and force–velocity–power (<i>F</i>–<i>v</i>–<i>P</i>) profiling has recently gained attention. Ground reaction force (<i>GRF</i>) and velocity (<i>v</i>) during FW squats can be predicted from shaft rotational data. Our study aimed to compare the inter-set reliability of <i>GRF</i>, <i>v</i>, and <i>F</i>–<i>v</i>–<i>P</i> relationship output variables calculated from force plates and linear encoder (presumed gold-standard) and rotary encoder data. Fifty participants performed two sets of FW squats at four inertias. Peak and mean concentric and eccentric <i>GRF</i>, <i>v</i>, and <i>F</i>–<i>v</i>–<i>P</i> outcomes from mean variables during the concentric phase of the squat were calculated. Good to excellent reliability was found for <i>GRF</i> and <i>v</i> (ICC > 0.85), regardless of the measure and the variable type. The <i>F</i>–<i>v</i>–<i>P</i> outcomes showed moderate to good reliability (ICC > 0.74). Inter-measure bias (<i>p</i> < 0.05) was found in the majority of <i>GRF</i> and <i>v</i> variables, as well as for all the calculated <i>F</i>–<i>v</i>–<i>P</i> outcomes (trivial to large TEs) with very large to perfect correlations for <i>v</i> (r 0.797–0.948), <i>GRF</i> (r 0.712–0.959), and, finally, <i>F</i>–<i>v</i>–<i>P</i> outcomes (ICC 0.737–0.943). Rotary encoder overestimated the force plates and linear encoder variables, and the differences were dependent on the level of inertia. Despite high reliability, FW device users should be aware of the discrepancy between the measures.
format	article
author	Darjan Spudić Robert Cvitkovič Nejc Šarabon
author_facet	Darjan Spudić Robert Cvitkovič Nejc Šarabon
author_sort	Darjan Spudić
title	Assessment and Evaluation of Force–Velocity Variables in Flywheel Squats: Validity and Reliability of Force Plates, a Linear Encoder Sensor, and a Rotary Encoder Sensor
title_short	Assessment and Evaluation of Force–Velocity Variables in Flywheel Squats: Validity and Reliability of Force Plates, a Linear Encoder Sensor, and a Rotary Encoder Sensor
title_full	Assessment and Evaluation of Force–Velocity Variables in Flywheel Squats: Validity and Reliability of Force Plates, a Linear Encoder Sensor, and a Rotary Encoder Sensor
title_fullStr	Assessment and Evaluation of Force–Velocity Variables in Flywheel Squats: Validity and Reliability of Force Plates, a Linear Encoder Sensor, and a Rotary Encoder Sensor
title_full_unstemmed	Assessment and Evaluation of Force–Velocity Variables in Flywheel Squats: Validity and Reliability of Force Plates, a Linear Encoder Sensor, and a Rotary Encoder Sensor
title_sort	assessment and evaluation of force–velocity variables in flywheel squats: validity and reliability of force plates, a linear encoder sensor, and a rotary encoder sensor
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/64b19102936846b98b8a7754187caf01
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Assessment and Evaluation of Force–Velocity Variables in Flywheel Squats: Validity and Reliability of Force Plates, a Linear Encoder Sensor, and a Rotary Encoder Sensor

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