Flavor-cyber-agriculture: Optimization of plant metabolites in an open-source control environment through surrogate modeling.

Food production in conventional agriculture faces numerous challenges such as reducing waste, meeting demand, maintaining flavor, and providing nutrition. Contained environments under artificial climate control, or cyber-agriculture, could in principle be used to meet many of these challenges. Throu...

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Autores principales: Arielle J Johnson, Elliot Meyerson, John de la Parra, Timothy L Savas, Risto Miikkulainen, Caleb B Harper
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Lenguaje:EN
Publicado: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2019
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Acceso en línea:https://doaj.org/article/64d3a4da4a3b4beaa65f767b3d5459f9
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spelling oai:doaj.org-article:64d3a4da4a3b4beaa65f767b3d5459f92021-12-02T20:04:09ZFlavor-cyber-agriculture: Optimization of plant metabolites in an open-source control environment through surrogate modeling.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0213918https://doaj.org/article/64d3a4da4a3b4beaa65f767b3d5459f92019-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213918https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Food production in conventional agriculture faces numerous challenges such as reducing waste, meeting demand, maintaining flavor, and providing nutrition. Contained environments under artificial climate control, or cyber-agriculture, could in principle be used to meet many of these challenges. Through such environments, phenotypic expression of the plant-mass, edible yield, flavor, and nutrients-can be actuated through a "climate recipe," where light, water, nutrients, temperature, and other climate and ecological variables are optimized to achieve a desired result. This paper describes a method for doing this optimization for the desired result of flavor by combining cyber-agriculture, metabolomic phenotype (chemotype) measurements, and machine learning. In a pilot experiment, (1) environmental conditions, i.e. photoperiod and ultraviolet (UV) light (known to affect production of flavor-active molecules in edible plants) were applied under different regimes to basil plants (Ocimum basilicum) growing inside a hydroponic farm with an open-source design; (2) flavor-active volatile molecules were measured in each plant using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); and (3) symbolic regression was used to construct a surrogate model of this chemistry from the input environmental variables, and this model was used to discover new combinations of photoperiod and UV light to increase this chemistry. These new combinations, or climate recipes, were then implemented in the hydroponic farm, and several of them resulted in a marked increase in volatiles over control. The process also led to two important insights: it demonstrated a "dilution effect", i.e. a negative correlation between weight and desirable chemical species, and it discovered the surprising effect that a 24-hour photoperiod of photosynthetic-active radiation, the equivalent of all-day light, induces the most flavor molecule production in basil. In this manner, surrogate optimization through machine learning can be used to discover effective recipes for cyber-agriculture that would be difficult and time-consuming to find using hand-designed experiments.Arielle J JohnsonElliot MeyersonJohn de la ParraTimothy L SavasRisto MiikkulainenCaleb B HarperPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 14, Iss 4, p e0213918 (2019)
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic Medicine
R
Science
Q
spellingShingle Medicine
R
Science
Q
Arielle J Johnson
Elliot Meyerson
John de la Parra
Timothy L Savas
Risto Miikkulainen
Caleb B Harper
Flavor-cyber-agriculture: Optimization of plant metabolites in an open-source control environment through surrogate modeling.
description Food production in conventional agriculture faces numerous challenges such as reducing waste, meeting demand, maintaining flavor, and providing nutrition. Contained environments under artificial climate control, or cyber-agriculture, could in principle be used to meet many of these challenges. Through such environments, phenotypic expression of the plant-mass, edible yield, flavor, and nutrients-can be actuated through a "climate recipe," where light, water, nutrients, temperature, and other climate and ecological variables are optimized to achieve a desired result. This paper describes a method for doing this optimization for the desired result of flavor by combining cyber-agriculture, metabolomic phenotype (chemotype) measurements, and machine learning. In a pilot experiment, (1) environmental conditions, i.e. photoperiod and ultraviolet (UV) light (known to affect production of flavor-active molecules in edible plants) were applied under different regimes to basil plants (Ocimum basilicum) growing inside a hydroponic farm with an open-source design; (2) flavor-active volatile molecules were measured in each plant using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); and (3) symbolic regression was used to construct a surrogate model of this chemistry from the input environmental variables, and this model was used to discover new combinations of photoperiod and UV light to increase this chemistry. These new combinations, or climate recipes, were then implemented in the hydroponic farm, and several of them resulted in a marked increase in volatiles over control. The process also led to two important insights: it demonstrated a "dilution effect", i.e. a negative correlation between weight and desirable chemical species, and it discovered the surprising effect that a 24-hour photoperiod of photosynthetic-active radiation, the equivalent of all-day light, induces the most flavor molecule production in basil. In this manner, surrogate optimization through machine learning can be used to discover effective recipes for cyber-agriculture that would be difficult and time-consuming to find using hand-designed experiments.
format article
author Arielle J Johnson
Elliot Meyerson
John de la Parra
Timothy L Savas
Risto Miikkulainen
Caleb B Harper
author_facet Arielle J Johnson
Elliot Meyerson
John de la Parra
Timothy L Savas
Risto Miikkulainen
Caleb B Harper
author_sort Arielle J Johnson
title Flavor-cyber-agriculture: Optimization of plant metabolites in an open-source control environment through surrogate modeling.
title_short Flavor-cyber-agriculture: Optimization of plant metabolites in an open-source control environment through surrogate modeling.
title_full Flavor-cyber-agriculture: Optimization of plant metabolites in an open-source control environment through surrogate modeling.
title_fullStr Flavor-cyber-agriculture: Optimization of plant metabolites in an open-source control environment through surrogate modeling.
title_full_unstemmed Flavor-cyber-agriculture: Optimization of plant metabolites in an open-source control environment through surrogate modeling.
title_sort flavor-cyber-agriculture: optimization of plant metabolites in an open-source control environment through surrogate modeling.
publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate 2019
url https://doaj.org/article/64d3a4da4a3b4beaa65f767b3d5459f9
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