Standardization and Validation of Brachytherapy Seeds’ Modelling Using GATE and GGEMS Monte Carlo Toolkits

This study aims to validate GATE and GGEMS simulation toolkits for brachytherapy applications and to provide accurate models for six commercial brachytherapy seeds, which will be freely available for research purposes. The AAPM TG-43 guidelines were used for the validation of two Low Dose Rate (LDR)...

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Autores principales:	Konstantinos P. Chatzipapas, Dimitris Plachouris, Panagiotis Papadimitroulas, Konstantinos A. Mountris, Julien Bert, Dimitris Visvikis, Dimitris Mihailidis, George C. Kagadis
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	brachytherapy TG-43 GATE GGEMS Monte Carlo simulations TG-186 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens RC254-282
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/64e8400cc7fd4a58a76aa251d02d0a51
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:64e8400cc7fd4a58a76aa251d02d0a512021-11-11T15:28:11ZStandardization and Validation of Brachytherapy Seeds’ Modelling Using GATE and GGEMS Monte Carlo Toolkits10.3390/cancers132153152072-6694https://doaj.org/article/64e8400cc7fd4a58a76aa251d02d0a512021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/21/5315https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6694This study aims to validate GATE and GGEMS simulation toolkits for brachytherapy applications and to provide accurate models for six commercial brachytherapy seeds, which will be freely available for research purposes. The AAPM TG-43 guidelines were used for the validation of two Low Dose Rate (LDR), three High Dose Rate (HDR), and one Pulsed Dose Rate (PDR) brachytherapy seeds. Each seed was represented as a 3D model and then simulated in GATE to produce one single Phase-Space (PHSP) per seed. To test the validity of the simulations’ outcome, referenced data (provided by the TG-43) was compared with GATE results. Next, validation of the GGEMS toolkit was achieved by comparing its outcome with the GATE MC simulations, incorporating clinical data. The simulation outcomes on the radial dose function (RDF), anisotropy function (AF), and dose rate constant (DRC) for the six commercial seeds were compared with TG-43 values. The statistical uncertainty was limited to 1% for RDF, to 6% (maximum) for AF, and to 2.7% (maximum) for the DRC. GGEMS provided a good agreement with GATE when compared in different situations: (a) Homogeneous water sphere, (b) heterogeneous CT phantom, and (c) a realistic clinical case. In addition, GGEMS has the advantage of very fast simulations. For the clinical case, where TG-186 guidelines were considered, GATE required 1 h for the simulation while GGEMS needed 162 s to reach the same statistical uncertainty. This study produced accurate models and simulations of their emitted spectrum of commonly used commercial brachytherapy seeds which are freely available to the scientific community. Furthermore, GGEMS was validated as an MC GPU based tool for brachytherapy. More research is deemed necessary for the expansion of brachytherapy seed modeling.Konstantinos P. ChatzipapasDimitris PlachourisPanagiotis PapadimitroulasKonstantinos A. MountrisJulien BertDimitris VisvikisDimitris MihailidisGeorge C. KagadisMDPI AGarticlebrachytherapyTG-43GATEGGEMSMonte Carlo simulationsTG-186Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogensRC254-282ENCancers, Vol 13, Iss 5315, p 5315 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	brachytherapy TG-43 GATE GGEMS Monte Carlo simulations TG-186 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens RC254-282
spellingShingle	brachytherapy TG-43 GATE GGEMS Monte Carlo simulations TG-186 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens RC254-282 Konstantinos P. Chatzipapas Dimitris Plachouris Panagiotis Papadimitroulas Konstantinos A. Mountris Julien Bert Dimitris Visvikis Dimitris Mihailidis George C. Kagadis Standardization and Validation of Brachytherapy Seeds’ Modelling Using GATE and GGEMS Monte Carlo Toolkits
description	This study aims to validate GATE and GGEMS simulation toolkits for brachytherapy applications and to provide accurate models for six commercial brachytherapy seeds, which will be freely available for research purposes. The AAPM TG-43 guidelines were used for the validation of two Low Dose Rate (LDR), three High Dose Rate (HDR), and one Pulsed Dose Rate (PDR) brachytherapy seeds. Each seed was represented as a 3D model and then simulated in GATE to produce one single Phase-Space (PHSP) per seed. To test the validity of the simulations’ outcome, referenced data (provided by the TG-43) was compared with GATE results. Next, validation of the GGEMS toolkit was achieved by comparing its outcome with the GATE MC simulations, incorporating clinical data. The simulation outcomes on the radial dose function (RDF), anisotropy function (AF), and dose rate constant (DRC) for the six commercial seeds were compared with TG-43 values. The statistical uncertainty was limited to 1% for RDF, to 6% (maximum) for AF, and to 2.7% (maximum) for the DRC. GGEMS provided a good agreement with GATE when compared in different situations: (a) Homogeneous water sphere, (b) heterogeneous CT phantom, and (c) a realistic clinical case. In addition, GGEMS has the advantage of very fast simulations. For the clinical case, where TG-186 guidelines were considered, GATE required 1 h for the simulation while GGEMS needed 162 s to reach the same statistical uncertainty. This study produced accurate models and simulations of their emitted spectrum of commonly used commercial brachytherapy seeds which are freely available to the scientific community. Furthermore, GGEMS was validated as an MC GPU based tool for brachytherapy. More research is deemed necessary for the expansion of brachytherapy seed modeling.
format	article
author	Konstantinos P. Chatzipapas Dimitris Plachouris Panagiotis Papadimitroulas Konstantinos A. Mountris Julien Bert Dimitris Visvikis Dimitris Mihailidis George C. Kagadis
author_facet	Konstantinos P. Chatzipapas Dimitris Plachouris Panagiotis Papadimitroulas Konstantinos A. Mountris Julien Bert Dimitris Visvikis Dimitris Mihailidis George C. Kagadis
author_sort	Konstantinos P. Chatzipapas
title	Standardization and Validation of Brachytherapy Seeds’ Modelling Using GATE and GGEMS Monte Carlo Toolkits
title_short	Standardization and Validation of Brachytherapy Seeds’ Modelling Using GATE and GGEMS Monte Carlo Toolkits
title_full	Standardization and Validation of Brachytherapy Seeds’ Modelling Using GATE and GGEMS Monte Carlo Toolkits
title_fullStr	Standardization and Validation of Brachytherapy Seeds’ Modelling Using GATE and GGEMS Monte Carlo Toolkits
title_full_unstemmed	Standardization and Validation of Brachytherapy Seeds’ Modelling Using GATE and GGEMS Monte Carlo Toolkits
title_sort	standardization and validation of brachytherapy seeds’ modelling using gate and ggems monte carlo toolkits
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/64e8400cc7fd4a58a76aa251d02d0a51
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Standardization and Validation of Brachytherapy Seeds’ Modelling Using GATE and GGEMS Monte Carlo Toolkits

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