Comparing Uncertainty Associated With 1-, 2-, and 3D Aerial Photogrammetry-Based Body Condition Measurements of Baleen Whales

Body condition is a crucial and indicative measure of an animal’s fitness, reflecting overall foraging success, habitat quality, and balance between energy intake and energetic investment toward growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Recently, drone-based photogrammetry has provided new opportunitie...

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Autores principales:	K. C. Bierlich, Joshua Hewitt, Clara N. Bird, Robert S. Schick, Ari Friedlaender, Leigh G. Torres, Julian Dale, Jeremy Goldbogen, Andrew J. Read, John Calambokidis, David W. Johnston
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	baleen whales drones (unmanned aerial vehicles or UAVs) body condition aerial photogrammetry Bayesian statistical model Cetacea (whales) Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/650946dd906b4e2db1df2880df7f42b0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:650946dd906b4e2db1df2880df7f42b02021-12-01T07:53:19ZComparing Uncertainty Associated With 1-, 2-, and 3D Aerial Photogrammetry-Based Body Condition Measurements of Baleen Whales2296-774510.3389/fmars.2021.749943https://doaj.org/article/650946dd906b4e2db1df2880df7f42b02021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.749943/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-7745Body condition is a crucial and indicative measure of an animal’s fitness, reflecting overall foraging success, habitat quality, and balance between energy intake and energetic investment toward growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Recently, drone-based photogrammetry has provided new opportunities to obtain body condition estimates of baleen whales in one, two or three dimensions (1D, 2D, and 3D, respectively) – a single width, a projected dorsal surface area, or a body volume measure, respectively. However, no study to date has yet compared variation among these methods and described how measurement uncertainty scales across these dimensions. This associated uncertainty may affect inference derived from these measurements, which can lead to misinterpretation of data, and lack of comparison across body condition measurements restricts comparison of results between studies. Here we develop a Bayesian statistical model using known-sized calibration objects to predict the length and width measurements of unknown-sized objects (e.g., a whale). We use the fitted model to predict and compare uncertainty associated with 1D, 2D, and 3D photogrammetry-based body condition measurements of blue, humpback, and Antarctic minke whales – three species of baleen whales with a range of body sizes. The model outputs a posterior predictive distribution of body condition measurements and allows for the construction of highest posterior density intervals to define measurement uncertainty. We find that uncertainty does not scale linearly across multi-dimensional measurements, with 2D and 3D uncertainty increasing by a factor of 1.45 and 1.76 compared to 1D, respectively. Each standardized body condition measurement is highly correlated with one another, yet 2D body area index (BAI) accounts for potential variation along the body for each species and was the most precise body condition metric. We hope this study will serve as a guide to help researchers select the most appropriate body condition measurement for their purposes and allow them to incorporate photogrammetric uncertainty associated with these measurements which, in turn, will facilitate comparison of results across studies.K. C. BierlichK. C. BierlichJoshua HewittClara N. BirdRobert S. SchickAri FriedlaenderLeigh G. TorresJulian DaleJeremy GoldbogenAndrew J. ReadJohn CalambokidisDavid W. JohnstonFrontiers Media S.A.articlebaleen whalesdrones (unmanned aerial vehicles or UAVs)body conditionaerial photogrammetryBayesian statistical modelCetacea (whales)ScienceQGeneral. Including nature conservation, geographical distributionQH1-199.5ENFrontiers in Marine Science, Vol 8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	baleen whales drones (unmanned aerial vehicles or UAVs) body condition aerial photogrammetry Bayesian statistical model Cetacea (whales) Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5
spellingShingle	baleen whales drones (unmanned aerial vehicles or UAVs) body condition aerial photogrammetry Bayesian statistical model Cetacea (whales) Science Q General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution QH1-199.5 K. C. Bierlich K. C. Bierlich Joshua Hewitt Clara N. Bird Robert S. Schick Ari Friedlaender Leigh G. Torres Julian Dale Jeremy Goldbogen Andrew J. Read John Calambokidis David W. Johnston Comparing Uncertainty Associated With 1-, 2-, and 3D Aerial Photogrammetry-Based Body Condition Measurements of Baleen Whales
description	Body condition is a crucial and indicative measure of an animal’s fitness, reflecting overall foraging success, habitat quality, and balance between energy intake and energetic investment toward growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Recently, drone-based photogrammetry has provided new opportunities to obtain body condition estimates of baleen whales in one, two or three dimensions (1D, 2D, and 3D, respectively) – a single width, a projected dorsal surface area, or a body volume measure, respectively. However, no study to date has yet compared variation among these methods and described how measurement uncertainty scales across these dimensions. This associated uncertainty may affect inference derived from these measurements, which can lead to misinterpretation of data, and lack of comparison across body condition measurements restricts comparison of results between studies. Here we develop a Bayesian statistical model using known-sized calibration objects to predict the length and width measurements of unknown-sized objects (e.g., a whale). We use the fitted model to predict and compare uncertainty associated with 1D, 2D, and 3D photogrammetry-based body condition measurements of blue, humpback, and Antarctic minke whales – three species of baleen whales with a range of body sizes. The model outputs a posterior predictive distribution of body condition measurements and allows for the construction of highest posterior density intervals to define measurement uncertainty. We find that uncertainty does not scale linearly across multi-dimensional measurements, with 2D and 3D uncertainty increasing by a factor of 1.45 and 1.76 compared to 1D, respectively. Each standardized body condition measurement is highly correlated with one another, yet 2D body area index (BAI) accounts for potential variation along the body for each species and was the most precise body condition metric. We hope this study will serve as a guide to help researchers select the most appropriate body condition measurement for their purposes and allow them to incorporate photogrammetric uncertainty associated with these measurements which, in turn, will facilitate comparison of results across studies.
format	article
author	K. C. Bierlich K. C. Bierlich Joshua Hewitt Clara N. Bird Robert S. Schick Ari Friedlaender Leigh G. Torres Julian Dale Jeremy Goldbogen Andrew J. Read John Calambokidis David W. Johnston
author_facet	K. C. Bierlich K. C. Bierlich Joshua Hewitt Clara N. Bird Robert S. Schick Ari Friedlaender Leigh G. Torres Julian Dale Jeremy Goldbogen Andrew J. Read John Calambokidis David W. Johnston
author_sort	K. C. Bierlich
title	Comparing Uncertainty Associated With 1-, 2-, and 3D Aerial Photogrammetry-Based Body Condition Measurements of Baleen Whales
title_short	Comparing Uncertainty Associated With 1-, 2-, and 3D Aerial Photogrammetry-Based Body Condition Measurements of Baleen Whales
title_full	Comparing Uncertainty Associated With 1-, 2-, and 3D Aerial Photogrammetry-Based Body Condition Measurements of Baleen Whales
title_fullStr	Comparing Uncertainty Associated With 1-, 2-, and 3D Aerial Photogrammetry-Based Body Condition Measurements of Baleen Whales
title_full_unstemmed	Comparing Uncertainty Associated With 1-, 2-, and 3D Aerial Photogrammetry-Based Body Condition Measurements of Baleen Whales
title_sort	comparing uncertainty associated with 1-, 2-, and 3d aerial photogrammetry-based body condition measurements of baleen whales
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/650946dd906b4e2db1df2880df7f42b0
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Comparing Uncertainty Associated With 1-, 2-, and 3D Aerial Photogrammetry-Based Body Condition Measurements of Baleen Whales

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