Human sclera maintains common characteristics with cartilage throughout evolution.

<h4>Background</h4>The sclera maintains and protects the eye ball, which receives visual inputs. Although the sclera does not contribute significantly to visual perception, scleral diseases such as refractory scleritis, scleral perforation and pathological myopia are considered incurable...

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Autores principales:	Yuko Seko, Noriyuki Azuma, Yoriko Takahashi, Hatsune Makino, Toshiyuki Morito, Takeshi Muneta, Kenji Matsumoto, Hirohisa Saito, Ichiro Sekiya, Akihiro Umezawa
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2008
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/653d3995be674c53a112a33afe07946a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:653d3995be674c53a112a33afe07946a2021-11-25T06:18:33ZHuman sclera maintains common characteristics with cartilage throughout evolution.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0003709https://doaj.org/article/653d3995be674c53a112a33afe07946a2008-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/19002264/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>The sclera maintains and protects the eye ball, which receives visual inputs. Although the sclera does not contribute significantly to visual perception, scleral diseases such as refractory scleritis, scleral perforation and pathological myopia are considered incurable or difficult to cure. The aim of this study is to identify characteristics of the human sclera as one of the connective tissues derived from the neural crest and mesoderm.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>We have demonstrated microarray data of cultured human infant scleral cells. Hierarchical clustering was performed to group scleral cells and other mesenchymal cells into subcategories. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed similarity between scleral cells and auricular cartilage-derived cells. Cultured micromasses of scleral cells exposed to TGF-betas and BMP2 produced an abundant matrix. The expression of cartilage-associated genes, such as Indian hedge hog, type X collagen, and MMP13, was up-regulated within 3 weeks in vitro. These results suggest that human 'sclera'-derived cells can be considered chondrocytes when cultured ex vivo.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Our present study shows a chondrogenic potential of human sclera. Interestingly, the sclera of certain vertebrates, such as birds and fish, is composed of hyaline cartilage. Although the human sclera is not a cartilaginous tissue, the human sclera maintains chondrogenic potential throughout evolution. In addition, our findings directly explain an enigma that the sclera and the joint cartilage are common targets of inflammatory cells in rheumatic arthritis. The present global gene expression database will contribute to the clarification of the pathogenesis of developmental diseases such as high myopia.Yuko SekoNoriyuki AzumaYoriko TakahashiHatsune MakinoToshiyuki MoritoTakeshi MunetaKenji MatsumotoHirohisa SaitoIchiro SekiyaAkihiro UmezawaPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 3, Iss 11, p e3709 (2008)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Yuko Seko Noriyuki Azuma Yoriko Takahashi Hatsune Makino Toshiyuki Morito Takeshi Muneta Kenji Matsumoto Hirohisa Saito Ichiro Sekiya Akihiro Umezawa Human sclera maintains common characteristics with cartilage throughout evolution.
description	<h4>Background</h4>The sclera maintains and protects the eye ball, which receives visual inputs. Although the sclera does not contribute significantly to visual perception, scleral diseases such as refractory scleritis, scleral perforation and pathological myopia are considered incurable or difficult to cure. The aim of this study is to identify characteristics of the human sclera as one of the connective tissues derived from the neural crest and mesoderm.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>We have demonstrated microarray data of cultured human infant scleral cells. Hierarchical clustering was performed to group scleral cells and other mesenchymal cells into subcategories. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed similarity between scleral cells and auricular cartilage-derived cells. Cultured micromasses of scleral cells exposed to TGF-betas and BMP2 produced an abundant matrix. The expression of cartilage-associated genes, such as Indian hedge hog, type X collagen, and MMP13, was up-regulated within 3 weeks in vitro. These results suggest that human 'sclera'-derived cells can be considered chondrocytes when cultured ex vivo.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Our present study shows a chondrogenic potential of human sclera. Interestingly, the sclera of certain vertebrates, such as birds and fish, is composed of hyaline cartilage. Although the human sclera is not a cartilaginous tissue, the human sclera maintains chondrogenic potential throughout evolution. In addition, our findings directly explain an enigma that the sclera and the joint cartilage are common targets of inflammatory cells in rheumatic arthritis. The present global gene expression database will contribute to the clarification of the pathogenesis of developmental diseases such as high myopia.
format	article
author	Yuko Seko Noriyuki Azuma Yoriko Takahashi Hatsune Makino Toshiyuki Morito Takeshi Muneta Kenji Matsumoto Hirohisa Saito Ichiro Sekiya Akihiro Umezawa
author_facet	Yuko Seko Noriyuki Azuma Yoriko Takahashi Hatsune Makino Toshiyuki Morito Takeshi Muneta Kenji Matsumoto Hirohisa Saito Ichiro Sekiya Akihiro Umezawa
author_sort	Yuko Seko
title	Human sclera maintains common characteristics with cartilage throughout evolution.
title_short	Human sclera maintains common characteristics with cartilage throughout evolution.
title_full	Human sclera maintains common characteristics with cartilage throughout evolution.
title_fullStr	Human sclera maintains common characteristics with cartilage throughout evolution.
title_full_unstemmed	Human sclera maintains common characteristics with cartilage throughout evolution.
title_sort	human sclera maintains common characteristics with cartilage throughout evolution.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2008
url	https://doaj.org/article/653d3995be674c53a112a33afe07946a
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Human sclera maintains common characteristics with cartilage throughout evolution.

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