In vitro and in vivo effects of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on glioblastoma

Sławomir Jaworski,1 Ewa Sawosz,1 Marta Kutwin,1 Mateusz Wierzbicki,1 Mateusz Hinzmann,1 Marta Grodzik,1 Anna Winnicka,2 Ludwika Lipinska,3 Karolina Włodyga,1 Andrè Chwalibog41Warsaw University of Life Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Division of Biotechnology and Biochemistry of Nutri...

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Autores principales:	Jaworski S, Sawosz E, Kutwin M, Wierzbicki M, Hinzmann M, Grodzik M, Winnicka A, Lipińska L, Włodyga K, Chwalibog A
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2015
Materias:	Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/65722eeb0e404369895337a541c69388
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:65722eeb0e404369895337a541c693882021-12-02T02:08:31ZIn vitro and in vivo effects of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on glioblastoma1178-2013https://doaj.org/article/65722eeb0e404369895337a541c693882015-02-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.dovepress.com/in-vitro-and-in-vivo-effects-of-graphene-oxide-and-reduced-graphene-ox-peer-reviewed-article-IJNhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013 Sławomir Jaworski,1 Ewa Sawosz,1 Marta Kutwin,1 Mateusz Wierzbicki,1 Mateusz Hinzmann,1 Marta Grodzik,1 Anna Winnicka,2 Ludwika Lipinska,3 Karolina Włodyga,1 Andrè Chwalibog41Warsaw University of Life Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Division of Biotechnology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, 2Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 3Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Warsaw, Poland; 4University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Copenhagen, DenmarkAbstract: Graphene and its related counterparts are considered the future of advanced nanomaterials owing to their exemplary properties. However, information about their toxicity and biocompatibility is limited. The objective of this study is to evaluate the toxicity of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) platelets, using U87 and U118 glioma cell lines for an in vitro model and U87 tumors cultured on chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane for an in vivo model. The in vitro investigation consisted of structural analysis of GO and rGO platelets using transmission electron microscopy, evaluation of cell morphology and ultrastructure, assessment of cell viability by XTT assay, and investigation of cell proliferation by BrdU assay. Toxicity in U87 glioma tumors was evaluated by calculation of weight and volume of tumors and analyses of ultrastructure, histology, and protein expression. The in vitro results indicate that GO and rGO enter glioma cells and have different cytotoxicity. Both types of platelets reduced cell viability and proliferation with increasing doses, but rGO was more toxic than GO. The mass and volume of tumors were reduced in vivo after injection of GO and rGO. Moreover, the level of apoptotic markers increased in rGO-treated tumors. We show that rGO induces cell death mostly through apoptosis, indicating the potential applicability of graphene in cancer therapy.Keywords: graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, toxicity, glioma, apoptosisJaworski SSawosz EKutwin MWierzbicki MHinzmann MGrodzik MWinnicka ALipińska LWłodyga KChwalibog ADove Medical PressarticleMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol 2015, Iss default, Pp 1585-1596 (2015)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	Medicine (General) R5-920 Jaworski S Sawosz E Kutwin M Wierzbicki M Hinzmann M Grodzik M Winnicka A Lipińska L Włodyga K Chwalibog A In vitro and in vivo effects of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on glioblastoma
description	Sławomir Jaworski,1 Ewa Sawosz,1 Marta Kutwin,1 Mateusz Wierzbicki,1 Mateusz Hinzmann,1 Marta Grodzik,1 Anna Winnicka,2 Ludwika Lipinska,3 Karolina Włodyga,1 Andrè Chwalibog41Warsaw University of Life Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Division of Biotechnology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, 2Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 3Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Warsaw, Poland; 4University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Copenhagen, DenmarkAbstract: Graphene and its related counterparts are considered the future of advanced nanomaterials owing to their exemplary properties. However, information about their toxicity and biocompatibility is limited. The objective of this study is to evaluate the toxicity of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) platelets, using U87 and U118 glioma cell lines for an in vitro model and U87 tumors cultured on chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane for an in vivo model. The in vitro investigation consisted of structural analysis of GO and rGO platelets using transmission electron microscopy, evaluation of cell morphology and ultrastructure, assessment of cell viability by XTT assay, and investigation of cell proliferation by BrdU assay. Toxicity in U87 glioma tumors was evaluated by calculation of weight and volume of tumors and analyses of ultrastructure, histology, and protein expression. The in vitro results indicate that GO and rGO enter glioma cells and have different cytotoxicity. Both types of platelets reduced cell viability and proliferation with increasing doses, but rGO was more toxic than GO. The mass and volume of tumors were reduced in vivo after injection of GO and rGO. Moreover, the level of apoptotic markers increased in rGO-treated tumors. We show that rGO induces cell death mostly through apoptosis, indicating the potential applicability of graphene in cancer therapy.Keywords: graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, toxicity, glioma, apoptosis
format	article
author	Jaworski S Sawosz E Kutwin M Wierzbicki M Hinzmann M Grodzik M Winnicka A Lipińska L Włodyga K Chwalibog A
author_facet	Jaworski S Sawosz E Kutwin M Wierzbicki M Hinzmann M Grodzik M Winnicka A Lipińska L Włodyga K Chwalibog A
author_sort	Jaworski S
title	In vitro and in vivo effects of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on glioblastoma
title_short	In vitro and in vivo effects of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on glioblastoma
title_full	In vitro and in vivo effects of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on glioblastoma
title_fullStr	In vitro and in vivo effects of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on glioblastoma
title_full_unstemmed	In vitro and in vivo effects of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on glioblastoma
title_sort	in vitro and in vivo effects of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on glioblastoma
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2015
url	https://doaj.org/article/65722eeb0e404369895337a541c69388
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In vitro and in vivo effects of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide on glioblastoma

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