Cardiac hypoxic resistance and decreasing lactate during maximum apnea in elite breath hold divers

Abstract Breath-hold divers (BHD) enduring apnea for more than 4 min are characterized by resistance to release of reactive oxygen species, reduced sensitivity to hypoxia, and low mitochondrial oxygen consumption in their skeletal muscles similar to northern elephant seals. The muscles and myocardiu...

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Autores principales:	Thomas Kjeld, Jakob Møller, Kristian Fogh, Egon Godthaab Hansen, Henrik Christian Arendrup, Anders Brenøe Isbrand, Bo Zerahn, Jens Højberg, Ellen Ostenfeld, Henrik Thomsen, Lars Christian Gormsen, Marcus Carlsson
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/659aaf9edb8a4c8ab0a06c2c939b2704
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:659aaf9edb8a4c8ab0a06c2c939b27042021-12-02T13:24:17ZCardiac hypoxic resistance and decreasing lactate during maximum apnea in elite breath hold divers10.1038/s41598-021-81797-12045-2322https://doaj.org/article/659aaf9edb8a4c8ab0a06c2c939b27042021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81797-1https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Breath-hold divers (BHD) enduring apnea for more than 4 min are characterized by resistance to release of reactive oxygen species, reduced sensitivity to hypoxia, and low mitochondrial oxygen consumption in their skeletal muscles similar to northern elephant seals. The muscles and myocardium of harbor seals also exhibit metabolic adaptations including increased cardiac lactate-dehydrogenase-activity, exceeding their hypoxic limit. We hypothesized that the myocardium of BHD possesses similar adaptive mechanisms. During maximum apnea 15O-H2O-PET/CT (n = 6) revealed no myocardial perfusion deficits but increased myocardial blood flow (MBF). Cardiac MRI determined blood oxygen level dependence oxygenation (n = 8) after 4 min of apnea was unaltered compared to rest, whereas cine-MRI demonstrated increased left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT). Arterial blood gases were collected after warm-up and maximum apnea in a pool. At the end of the maximum pool apnea (5 min), arterial saturation decreased to 52%, and lactate decreased 20%. Our findings contrast with previous MR studies of BHD, that reported elevated cardiac troponins and decreased myocardial perfusion after 4 min of apnea. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time with 15O-H2O-PET/CT and MRI in elite BHD during maximum apnea, that MBF and LVWT increases while lactate decreases, indicating anaerobic/fat-based cardiac-metabolism similar to diving mammals.Thomas KjeldJakob MøllerKristian FoghEgon Godthaab HansenHenrik Christian ArendrupAnders Brenøe IsbrandBo ZerahnJens HøjbergEllen OstenfeldHenrik ThomsenLars Christian GormsenMarcus CarlssonNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Thomas Kjeld Jakob Møller Kristian Fogh Egon Godthaab Hansen Henrik Christian Arendrup Anders Brenøe Isbrand Bo Zerahn Jens Højberg Ellen Ostenfeld Henrik Thomsen Lars Christian Gormsen Marcus Carlsson Cardiac hypoxic resistance and decreasing lactate during maximum apnea in elite breath hold divers
description	Abstract Breath-hold divers (BHD) enduring apnea for more than 4 min are characterized by resistance to release of reactive oxygen species, reduced sensitivity to hypoxia, and low mitochondrial oxygen consumption in their skeletal muscles similar to northern elephant seals. The muscles and myocardium of harbor seals also exhibit metabolic adaptations including increased cardiac lactate-dehydrogenase-activity, exceeding their hypoxic limit. We hypothesized that the myocardium of BHD possesses similar adaptive mechanisms. During maximum apnea 15O-H2O-PET/CT (n = 6) revealed no myocardial perfusion deficits but increased myocardial blood flow (MBF). Cardiac MRI determined blood oxygen level dependence oxygenation (n = 8) after 4 min of apnea was unaltered compared to rest, whereas cine-MRI demonstrated increased left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT). Arterial blood gases were collected after warm-up and maximum apnea in a pool. At the end of the maximum pool apnea (5 min), arterial saturation decreased to 52%, and lactate decreased 20%. Our findings contrast with previous MR studies of BHD, that reported elevated cardiac troponins and decreased myocardial perfusion after 4 min of apnea. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time with 15O-H2O-PET/CT and MRI in elite BHD during maximum apnea, that MBF and LVWT increases while lactate decreases, indicating anaerobic/fat-based cardiac-metabolism similar to diving mammals.
format	article
author	Thomas Kjeld Jakob Møller Kristian Fogh Egon Godthaab Hansen Henrik Christian Arendrup Anders Brenøe Isbrand Bo Zerahn Jens Højberg Ellen Ostenfeld Henrik Thomsen Lars Christian Gormsen Marcus Carlsson
author_facet	Thomas Kjeld Jakob Møller Kristian Fogh Egon Godthaab Hansen Henrik Christian Arendrup Anders Brenøe Isbrand Bo Zerahn Jens Højberg Ellen Ostenfeld Henrik Thomsen Lars Christian Gormsen Marcus Carlsson
author_sort	Thomas Kjeld
title	Cardiac hypoxic resistance and decreasing lactate during maximum apnea in elite breath hold divers
title_short	Cardiac hypoxic resistance and decreasing lactate during maximum apnea in elite breath hold divers
title_full	Cardiac hypoxic resistance and decreasing lactate during maximum apnea in elite breath hold divers
title_fullStr	Cardiac hypoxic resistance and decreasing lactate during maximum apnea in elite breath hold divers
title_full_unstemmed	Cardiac hypoxic resistance and decreasing lactate during maximum apnea in elite breath hold divers
title_sort	cardiac hypoxic resistance and decreasing lactate during maximum apnea in elite breath hold divers
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/659aaf9edb8a4c8ab0a06c2c939b2704
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Cardiac hypoxic resistance and decreasing lactate during maximum apnea in elite breath hold divers

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