A New Hybrid Algorithm to Image Lightning Channels Combining the Time Difference of Arrival Technique and Electromagnetic Time Reversal Technique

Very-high-frequency (VHF) electromagnetic signals have been well used to image lightning channels with high temporal and spatial resolution due to their capability to penetrate clouds. A lightning broadband VHF interferometer with three VHF antennas configured in a scalene-triangle shape has been in...

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Autores principales:	Fengquan Li, Zhuling Sun, Mingyuan Liu, Shanfeng Yuan, Lei Wei, Chunfa Sun, Huimin Lyu, Kexin Zhu, Guoying Tang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	very-high-frequency lightning electromagnetic time reversal technique lightning imaging efficiency Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/65e6e764c0ff45fe80442ca8cff5b63a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:65e6e764c0ff45fe80442ca8cff5b63a2021-11-25T18:55:10ZA New Hybrid Algorithm to Image Lightning Channels Combining the Time Difference of Arrival Technique and Electromagnetic Time Reversal Technique10.3390/rs132246582072-4292https://doaj.org/article/65e6e764c0ff45fe80442ca8cff5b63a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4658https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292Very-high-frequency (VHF) electromagnetic signals have been well used to image lightning channels with high temporal and spatial resolution due to their capability to penetrate clouds. A lightning broadband VHF interferometer with three VHF antennas configured in a scalene-triangle shape has been installed in Lhasa since 2019, to detect the lightning VHF signals. Using the signals from the VHF interferometer, a new hybrid algorithm, called the TDOA-EMTR technique, combining the time difference of arrival (TDOA) and the electromagnetic time reversal (EMTR) technique is introduced to image the two-dimensional lightning channels. The TDOA technique is firstly applied to calculate the initial solutions for the whole lightning flash. According to the results by the TDOA method, the domain used for the EMTR technique is predetermined, and then the EMTR technique is operated to obtain the final positioning result. Unlike the original EMTR technique, the low-power frequency points for each time window are removed based on the FFT spectrum. Metrics used to filter noise events are adjusted. Detailed imaging results of a negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash and an intra-cloud (IC) lightning flash by the TDOA method and the TDOA-EMTR are presented. Compared with the original EMTR method, the positioning efficiency can be improved by more than a factor of 3 to 4, depending on the scope of the pre-determined domain. Results show that the new algorithm can obtain much weaker radiation sources and simultaneously occurring sources, compared with the TDOA method.Fengquan LiZhuling SunMingyuan LiuShanfeng YuanLei WeiChunfa SunHuimin LyuKexin ZhuGuoying TangMDPI AGarticlevery-high-frequency lightningelectromagnetic time reversal techniquelightning imaging efficiencyScienceQENRemote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4658, p 4658 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	very-high-frequency lightning electromagnetic time reversal technique lightning imaging efficiency Science Q
spellingShingle	very-high-frequency lightning electromagnetic time reversal technique lightning imaging efficiency Science Q Fengquan Li Zhuling Sun Mingyuan Liu Shanfeng Yuan Lei Wei Chunfa Sun Huimin Lyu Kexin Zhu Guoying Tang A New Hybrid Algorithm to Image Lightning Channels Combining the Time Difference of Arrival Technique and Electromagnetic Time Reversal Technique
description	Very-high-frequency (VHF) electromagnetic signals have been well used to image lightning channels with high temporal and spatial resolution due to their capability to penetrate clouds. A lightning broadband VHF interferometer with three VHF antennas configured in a scalene-triangle shape has been installed in Lhasa since 2019, to detect the lightning VHF signals. Using the signals from the VHF interferometer, a new hybrid algorithm, called the TDOA-EMTR technique, combining the time difference of arrival (TDOA) and the electromagnetic time reversal (EMTR) technique is introduced to image the two-dimensional lightning channels. The TDOA technique is firstly applied to calculate the initial solutions for the whole lightning flash. According to the results by the TDOA method, the domain used for the EMTR technique is predetermined, and then the EMTR technique is operated to obtain the final positioning result. Unlike the original EMTR technique, the low-power frequency points for each time window are removed based on the FFT spectrum. Metrics used to filter noise events are adjusted. Detailed imaging results of a negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash and an intra-cloud (IC) lightning flash by the TDOA method and the TDOA-EMTR are presented. Compared with the original EMTR method, the positioning efficiency can be improved by more than a factor of 3 to 4, depending on the scope of the pre-determined domain. Results show that the new algorithm can obtain much weaker radiation sources and simultaneously occurring sources, compared with the TDOA method.
format	article
author	Fengquan Li Zhuling Sun Mingyuan Liu Shanfeng Yuan Lei Wei Chunfa Sun Huimin Lyu Kexin Zhu Guoying Tang
author_facet	Fengquan Li Zhuling Sun Mingyuan Liu Shanfeng Yuan Lei Wei Chunfa Sun Huimin Lyu Kexin Zhu Guoying Tang
author_sort	Fengquan Li
title	A New Hybrid Algorithm to Image Lightning Channels Combining the Time Difference of Arrival Technique and Electromagnetic Time Reversal Technique
title_short	A New Hybrid Algorithm to Image Lightning Channels Combining the Time Difference of Arrival Technique and Electromagnetic Time Reversal Technique
title_full	A New Hybrid Algorithm to Image Lightning Channels Combining the Time Difference of Arrival Technique and Electromagnetic Time Reversal Technique
title_fullStr	A New Hybrid Algorithm to Image Lightning Channels Combining the Time Difference of Arrival Technique and Electromagnetic Time Reversal Technique
title_full_unstemmed	A New Hybrid Algorithm to Image Lightning Channels Combining the Time Difference of Arrival Technique and Electromagnetic Time Reversal Technique
title_sort	new hybrid algorithm to image lightning channels combining the time difference of arrival technique and electromagnetic time reversal technique
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/65e6e764c0ff45fe80442ca8cff5b63a
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A New Hybrid Algorithm to Image Lightning Channels Combining the Time Difference of Arrival Technique and Electromagnetic Time Reversal Technique

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