Toluene Can Disrupt Rat Ovarian Follicullogenesis and Steroidogenesis and Induce Both Autophagy and Apoptosis

Toluene has been shown to be highly toxic to humans and animals and can cause damage to various tissues. However, studies reporting its effects on ovarian function are still limited. In this study, we investigated the in vivo effect of toluene using female Wistar rats. We found that toluene exposure...

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Autores principales:	Abdulkarem Alrezaki, Nouf Aldawood, Lamjed Mansour, Mukhtar Ahmed, Alexander V. Sirotkin, Saleh Alwasel, Abdel Halim Harrath
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	toluene reproductive toxicity ovary apoptosis autophagy Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/65ebb6a950be40a0869d2c7f90e656d5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:65ebb6a950be40a0869d2c7f90e656d52021-11-25T16:47:30ZToluene Can Disrupt Rat Ovarian Follicullogenesis and Steroidogenesis and Induce Both Autophagy and Apoptosis10.3390/biology101111532079-7737https://doaj.org/article/65ebb6a950be40a0869d2c7f90e656d52021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/11/1153https://doaj.org/toc/2079-7737Toluene has been shown to be highly toxic to humans and animals and can cause damage to various tissues. However, studies reporting its effects on ovarian function are still limited. In this study, we investigated the in vivo effect of toluene using female Wistar rats. We found that toluene exposure decreased ovarian weight and affected ovarian structure by increasing the number of abnormally growing follicles. Moreover, it significantly increased progesterone and testosterone levels. We also showed that toluene exposure decreased GDF-9 protein and its encoding gene. In addition, it inhibited the expression of most of the genes involved in granulosa cell proliferation and differentiation, such as <i>Insl3</i>, <i>ccnd2</i> and <i>actb</i>. The TUNEL assay showed that apoptosis occurred at the middle and high doses only (4000 and 8000 ppm, respectively), whereas no effect was observed at the low dose (2000 ppm). Interestingly, we showed that toluene exposure induced autophagy as LC3 protein and its encoding gene significantly increased for all doses of treatment. These results may suggest that the activation of autophagy at a low dose of exposure was to protect ovarian cells against death by inhibiting apoptosis, whereas its activation at high doses of exposure triggered apoptosis leading to cell death.Abdulkarem AlrezakiNouf AldawoodLamjed MansourMukhtar AhmedAlexander V. SirotkinSaleh AlwaselAbdel Halim HarrathMDPI AGarticletoluenereproductive toxicityovaryapoptosisautophagyBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENBiology, Vol 10, Iss 1153, p 1153 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	toluene reproductive toxicity ovary apoptosis autophagy Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	toluene reproductive toxicity ovary apoptosis autophagy Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Abdulkarem Alrezaki Nouf Aldawood Lamjed Mansour Mukhtar Ahmed Alexander V. Sirotkin Saleh Alwasel Abdel Halim Harrath Toluene Can Disrupt Rat Ovarian Follicullogenesis and Steroidogenesis and Induce Both Autophagy and Apoptosis
description	Toluene has been shown to be highly toxic to humans and animals and can cause damage to various tissues. However, studies reporting its effects on ovarian function are still limited. In this study, we investigated the in vivo effect of toluene using female Wistar rats. We found that toluene exposure decreased ovarian weight and affected ovarian structure by increasing the number of abnormally growing follicles. Moreover, it significantly increased progesterone and testosterone levels. We also showed that toluene exposure decreased GDF-9 protein and its encoding gene. In addition, it inhibited the expression of most of the genes involved in granulosa cell proliferation and differentiation, such as <i>Insl3</i>, <i>ccnd2</i> and <i>actb</i>. The TUNEL assay showed that apoptosis occurred at the middle and high doses only (4000 and 8000 ppm, respectively), whereas no effect was observed at the low dose (2000 ppm). Interestingly, we showed that toluene exposure induced autophagy as LC3 protein and its encoding gene significantly increased for all doses of treatment. These results may suggest that the activation of autophagy at a low dose of exposure was to protect ovarian cells against death by inhibiting apoptosis, whereas its activation at high doses of exposure triggered apoptosis leading to cell death.
format	article
author	Abdulkarem Alrezaki Nouf Aldawood Lamjed Mansour Mukhtar Ahmed Alexander V. Sirotkin Saleh Alwasel Abdel Halim Harrath
author_facet	Abdulkarem Alrezaki Nouf Aldawood Lamjed Mansour Mukhtar Ahmed Alexander V. Sirotkin Saleh Alwasel Abdel Halim Harrath
author_sort	Abdulkarem Alrezaki
title	Toluene Can Disrupt Rat Ovarian Follicullogenesis and Steroidogenesis and Induce Both Autophagy and Apoptosis
title_short	Toluene Can Disrupt Rat Ovarian Follicullogenesis and Steroidogenesis and Induce Both Autophagy and Apoptosis
title_full	Toluene Can Disrupt Rat Ovarian Follicullogenesis and Steroidogenesis and Induce Both Autophagy and Apoptosis
title_fullStr	Toluene Can Disrupt Rat Ovarian Follicullogenesis and Steroidogenesis and Induce Both Autophagy and Apoptosis
title_full_unstemmed	Toluene Can Disrupt Rat Ovarian Follicullogenesis and Steroidogenesis and Induce Both Autophagy and Apoptosis
title_sort	toluene can disrupt rat ovarian follicullogenesis and steroidogenesis and induce both autophagy and apoptosis
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/65ebb6a950be40a0869d2c7f90e656d5
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Toluene Can Disrupt Rat Ovarian Follicullogenesis and Steroidogenesis and Induce Both Autophagy and Apoptosis

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