Earthworm-mycorrhiza interactions can affect the diversity, structure and functioning of establishing model grassland communities.

Both earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important ecosystem engineers co-occurring in temperate grasslands. However, their combined impacts during grassland establishment are poorly understood and have never been studied. We used large mesocosms to study the effects of different f...

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Autores principales:	Johann G Zaller, Florian Heigl, Andrea Grabmaier, Claudia Lichtenegger, Katja Piller, Roza Allabashi, Thomas Frank, Thomas Drapela
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2011
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/66829c5e13ed49b7a4a5581661318a57
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:66829c5e13ed49b7a4a5581661318a572021-11-18T07:31:23ZEarthworm-mycorrhiza interactions can affect the diversity, structure and functioning of establishing model grassland communities.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0029293https://doaj.org/article/66829c5e13ed49b7a4a5581661318a572011-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22216236/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Both earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important ecosystem engineers co-occurring in temperate grasslands. However, their combined impacts during grassland establishment are poorly understood and have never been studied. We used large mesocosms to study the effects of different functional groups of earthworms (i.e., vertically burrowing anecics vs. horizontally burrowing endogeics) and a mix of four AMF taxa on the establishment, diversity and productivity of plant communities after a simulated seed rain of 18 grassland species comprising grasses, non-leguminous forbs and legumes. Moreover, effects of earthworms and/or AMF on water infiltration and leaching of ammonium, nitrate and phosphate were determined after a simulated extreme rainfall event (40 l m(-2)). AMF colonisation of all three plant functional groups was altered by earthworms. Seedling emergence and diversity was reduced by anecic earthworms, however only when AMF were present. Plant density was decreased in AMF-free mesocosms when both anecic and endogeic earthworms were active; with AMF also anecics reduced plant density. Plant shoot and root biomass was only affected by earthworms in AMF-free mesocosms: shoot biomass increased due to the activity of either anecics or endogeics; root biomass increased only when anecics were active. Water infiltration increased when earthworms were present in the mesocosms but remained unaffected by AMF. Ammonium leaching was increased only when anecics or a mixed earthworm community was active but was unaffected by AMF; nitrate and phosphate leaching was neither affected by earthworms nor AMF. Ammonium leaching decreased with increasing plant density, nitrate leaching decreased with increasing plant diversity and density. In order to understand the underlying processes of these interactions further investigations possibly under field conditions using more diverse belowground communities are required. Nevertheless, this study demonstrates that belowground-aboveground linkages involving earthworms and AMF are important mediators of the diversity, structure and functioning of plant communities.Johann G ZallerFlorian HeiglAndrea GrabmaierClaudia LichteneggerKatja PillerRoza AllabashiThomas FrankThomas DrapelaPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 6, Iss 12, p e29293 (2011)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Johann G Zaller Florian Heigl Andrea Grabmaier Claudia Lichtenegger Katja Piller Roza Allabashi Thomas Frank Thomas Drapela Earthworm-mycorrhiza interactions can affect the diversity, structure and functioning of establishing model grassland communities.
description	Both earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important ecosystem engineers co-occurring in temperate grasslands. However, their combined impacts during grassland establishment are poorly understood and have never been studied. We used large mesocosms to study the effects of different functional groups of earthworms (i.e., vertically burrowing anecics vs. horizontally burrowing endogeics) and a mix of four AMF taxa on the establishment, diversity and productivity of plant communities after a simulated seed rain of 18 grassland species comprising grasses, non-leguminous forbs and legumes. Moreover, effects of earthworms and/or AMF on water infiltration and leaching of ammonium, nitrate and phosphate were determined after a simulated extreme rainfall event (40 l m(-2)). AMF colonisation of all three plant functional groups was altered by earthworms. Seedling emergence and diversity was reduced by anecic earthworms, however only when AMF were present. Plant density was decreased in AMF-free mesocosms when both anecic and endogeic earthworms were active; with AMF also anecics reduced plant density. Plant shoot and root biomass was only affected by earthworms in AMF-free mesocosms: shoot biomass increased due to the activity of either anecics or endogeics; root biomass increased only when anecics were active. Water infiltration increased when earthworms were present in the mesocosms but remained unaffected by AMF. Ammonium leaching was increased only when anecics or a mixed earthworm community was active but was unaffected by AMF; nitrate and phosphate leaching was neither affected by earthworms nor AMF. Ammonium leaching decreased with increasing plant density, nitrate leaching decreased with increasing plant diversity and density. In order to understand the underlying processes of these interactions further investigations possibly under field conditions using more diverse belowground communities are required. Nevertheless, this study demonstrates that belowground-aboveground linkages involving earthworms and AMF are important mediators of the diversity, structure and functioning of plant communities.
format	article
author	Johann G Zaller Florian Heigl Andrea Grabmaier Claudia Lichtenegger Katja Piller Roza Allabashi Thomas Frank Thomas Drapela
author_facet	Johann G Zaller Florian Heigl Andrea Grabmaier Claudia Lichtenegger Katja Piller Roza Allabashi Thomas Frank Thomas Drapela
author_sort	Johann G Zaller
title	Earthworm-mycorrhiza interactions can affect the diversity, structure and functioning of establishing model grassland communities.
title_short	Earthworm-mycorrhiza interactions can affect the diversity, structure and functioning of establishing model grassland communities.
title_full	Earthworm-mycorrhiza interactions can affect the diversity, structure and functioning of establishing model grassland communities.
title_fullStr	Earthworm-mycorrhiza interactions can affect the diversity, structure and functioning of establishing model grassland communities.
title_full_unstemmed	Earthworm-mycorrhiza interactions can affect the diversity, structure and functioning of establishing model grassland communities.
title_sort	earthworm-mycorrhiza interactions can affect the diversity, structure and functioning of establishing model grassland communities.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2011
url	https://doaj.org/article/66829c5e13ed49b7a4a5581661318a57
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Earthworm-mycorrhiza interactions can affect the diversity, structure and functioning of establishing model grassland communities.

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