Hydrostratigraphic Framework and Physicochemical Status of Groundwater in the Gioia Tauro Coastal Plain (Calabria—Southern Italy)

In this study, we analysed the Gioia Tauro Plain (Tyrrhenian coast, southern Italy) in terms of hydrostratigraphy and the physicochemical status of groundwater. We investigated the hydrostratigraphic framework of the area identifying a deep aquifer (made by late Miocene succession), an aquitard (con...

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Autores principales:	Giuseppe Cianflone, Giovanni Vespasiano, Rosanna De Rosa, Rocco Dominici, Carmine Apollaro, Orlando Vaselli, Luca Pizzino, Cristiano Tolomei, Francesco Capecchiacci, Maurizio Polemio
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	Gioia Tauro Plain groundwater hydrostratigraphic framework seawater intrusion physicochemical status warm waters Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/67176a583ac746488747c50af42d08b5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:67176a583ac746488747c50af42d08b52021-11-25T19:16:20ZHydrostratigraphic Framework and Physicochemical Status of Groundwater in the Gioia Tauro Coastal Plain (Calabria—Southern Italy)10.3390/w132232792073-4441https://doaj.org/article/67176a583ac746488747c50af42d08b52021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/22/3279https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441In this study, we analysed the Gioia Tauro Plain (Tyrrhenian coast, southern Italy) in terms of hydrostratigraphy and the physicochemical status of groundwater. We investigated the hydrostratigraphic framework of the area identifying a deep aquifer (made by late Miocene succession), an aquitard (consisting of Pliocene clayey and silty deposits) and a shallow aquifer (including Late Pleistocene and Holocene marine and alluvial sediments) using subsoil data (boreholes and geophysics). Our reconstruction showed that the structural geology controls the spatial pattern of the aquitard top and the shallow aquifer thickness. Furthermore, we evaluated the hydraulic conductivity for the shallow aquifer using an empirical method, calibrated by slug tests, obtaining values ranging from 10<sup>−4</sup> to 10<sup>−5</sup> m/s with a maximum of 10<sup>−3</sup> m/s located close to inland dune fields. The piezometric level of the shallow aquifer recorded a significant drop between the 1970s and 2021 (−35 m as the worst value). It is the effect of climate and soil use changes, the latter being the increased water demand for kiwi cultivation. Despite the overexploitation of the shallow aquifer, shallow groundwater is fresh (736 µS/cm as mean electrical conductivity) except for a narrow coastal area where the electrical conductivity is more than 1500 µS/cm, which can be due to the seawater intrusion. What was more complex was the physicochemical status of the deep aquifer characterised by high temperature (up to 25.8 °C) and electrical conductivity up to 10,520 µS/cm along the northern and southern plain boundaries marked by tectonic structures. This issue suggested the dominant role of the local fault system that is likely affecting the deep groundwater flow and its chemical evolution.Giuseppe CianfloneGiovanni VespasianoRosanna De RosaRocco DominiciCarmine ApollaroOrlando VaselliLuca PizzinoCristiano TolomeiFrancesco CapecchiacciMaurizio PolemioMDPI AGarticleGioia Tauro Plaingroundwaterhydrostratigraphic frameworkseawater intrusionphysicochemical statuswarm watersHydraulic engineeringTC1-978Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENWater, Vol 13, Iss 3279, p 3279 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Gioia Tauro Plain groundwater hydrostratigraphic framework seawater intrusion physicochemical status warm waters Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	Gioia Tauro Plain groundwater hydrostratigraphic framework seawater intrusion physicochemical status warm waters Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Giuseppe Cianflone Giovanni Vespasiano Rosanna De Rosa Rocco Dominici Carmine Apollaro Orlando Vaselli Luca Pizzino Cristiano Tolomei Francesco Capecchiacci Maurizio Polemio Hydrostratigraphic Framework and Physicochemical Status of Groundwater in the Gioia Tauro Coastal Plain (Calabria—Southern Italy)
description	In this study, we analysed the Gioia Tauro Plain (Tyrrhenian coast, southern Italy) in terms of hydrostratigraphy and the physicochemical status of groundwater. We investigated the hydrostratigraphic framework of the area identifying a deep aquifer (made by late Miocene succession), an aquitard (consisting of Pliocene clayey and silty deposits) and a shallow aquifer (including Late Pleistocene and Holocene marine and alluvial sediments) using subsoil data (boreholes and geophysics). Our reconstruction showed that the structural geology controls the spatial pattern of the aquitard top and the shallow aquifer thickness. Furthermore, we evaluated the hydraulic conductivity for the shallow aquifer using an empirical method, calibrated by slug tests, obtaining values ranging from 10<sup>−4</sup> to 10<sup>−5</sup> m/s with a maximum of 10<sup>−3</sup> m/s located close to inland dune fields. The piezometric level of the shallow aquifer recorded a significant drop between the 1970s and 2021 (−35 m as the worst value). It is the effect of climate and soil use changes, the latter being the increased water demand for kiwi cultivation. Despite the overexploitation of the shallow aquifer, shallow groundwater is fresh (736 µS/cm as mean electrical conductivity) except for a narrow coastal area where the electrical conductivity is more than 1500 µS/cm, which can be due to the seawater intrusion. What was more complex was the physicochemical status of the deep aquifer characterised by high temperature (up to 25.8 °C) and electrical conductivity up to 10,520 µS/cm along the northern and southern plain boundaries marked by tectonic structures. This issue suggested the dominant role of the local fault system that is likely affecting the deep groundwater flow and its chemical evolution.
format	article
author	Giuseppe Cianflone Giovanni Vespasiano Rosanna De Rosa Rocco Dominici Carmine Apollaro Orlando Vaselli Luca Pizzino Cristiano Tolomei Francesco Capecchiacci Maurizio Polemio
author_facet	Giuseppe Cianflone Giovanni Vespasiano Rosanna De Rosa Rocco Dominici Carmine Apollaro Orlando Vaselli Luca Pizzino Cristiano Tolomei Francesco Capecchiacci Maurizio Polemio
author_sort	Giuseppe Cianflone
title	Hydrostratigraphic Framework and Physicochemical Status of Groundwater in the Gioia Tauro Coastal Plain (Calabria—Southern Italy)
title_short	Hydrostratigraphic Framework and Physicochemical Status of Groundwater in the Gioia Tauro Coastal Plain (Calabria—Southern Italy)
title_full	Hydrostratigraphic Framework and Physicochemical Status of Groundwater in the Gioia Tauro Coastal Plain (Calabria—Southern Italy)
title_fullStr	Hydrostratigraphic Framework and Physicochemical Status of Groundwater in the Gioia Tauro Coastal Plain (Calabria—Southern Italy)
title_full_unstemmed	Hydrostratigraphic Framework and Physicochemical Status of Groundwater in the Gioia Tauro Coastal Plain (Calabria—Southern Italy)
title_sort	hydrostratigraphic framework and physicochemical status of groundwater in the gioia tauro coastal plain (calabria—southern italy)
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/67176a583ac746488747c50af42d08b5
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Hydrostratigraphic Framework and Physicochemical Status of Groundwater in the Gioia Tauro Coastal Plain (Calabria—Southern Italy)

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