Foot strength and stiffness are related to footwear use in a comparison of minimally- vs. conventionally-shod populations

Abstract The longitudinal arch (LA) helps stiffen the foot during walking, but many people in developed countries suffer from flat foot, a condition characterized by reduced LA stiffness that can impair gait. Studies have found this condition is rare in people who are habitually barefoot or wear min...

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Autores principales:	Nicholas B. Holowka, Ian J. Wallace, Daniel E. Lieberman
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2018
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6722ab2dcc8541eca3d457c6cf65b3e2
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6722ab2dcc8541eca3d457c6cf65b3e22021-12-02T15:09:07ZFoot strength and stiffness are related to footwear use in a comparison of minimally- vs. conventionally-shod populations10.1038/s41598-018-21916-72045-2322https://doaj.org/article/6722ab2dcc8541eca3d457c6cf65b3e22018-02-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21916-7https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract The longitudinal arch (LA) helps stiffen the foot during walking, but many people in developed countries suffer from flat foot, a condition characterized by reduced LA stiffness that can impair gait. Studies have found this condition is rare in people who are habitually barefoot or wear minimal shoes compared to people who wear conventional modern shoes, but the basis for this difference remains unknown. Here we test the hypothesis that the use of shoes with features that restrict foot motion (e.g. arch supports, toe boxes) is associated with weaker foot muscles and reduced foot stiffness. We collected data from minimally-shod men from northwestern Mexico and men from urban/suburban areas in the United States who wear ‘conventional’ shoes. We measured dynamic LA stiffness during walking using kinematic and kinetic data, and the cross-sectional areas of three intrinsic foot muscles using ultrasound. Compared to conventionally-shod individuals, minimally-shod individuals had higher and stiffer LAs, and larger abductor hallucis and abductor digiti minimi muscles. Additionally, abductor hallucis size was positively associated with LA stiffness during walking. Our results suggest that use of conventional modern shoes is associated with weaker intrinsic foot muscles that may predispose individuals to reduced foot stiffness and potentially flat foot.Nicholas B. HolowkaIan J. WallaceDaniel E. LiebermanNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2018)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Nicholas B. Holowka Ian J. Wallace Daniel E. Lieberman Foot strength and stiffness are related to footwear use in a comparison of minimally- vs. conventionally-shod populations
description	Abstract The longitudinal arch (LA) helps stiffen the foot during walking, but many people in developed countries suffer from flat foot, a condition characterized by reduced LA stiffness that can impair gait. Studies have found this condition is rare in people who are habitually barefoot or wear minimal shoes compared to people who wear conventional modern shoes, but the basis for this difference remains unknown. Here we test the hypothesis that the use of shoes with features that restrict foot motion (e.g. arch supports, toe boxes) is associated with weaker foot muscles and reduced foot stiffness. We collected data from minimally-shod men from northwestern Mexico and men from urban/suburban areas in the United States who wear ‘conventional’ shoes. We measured dynamic LA stiffness during walking using kinematic and kinetic data, and the cross-sectional areas of three intrinsic foot muscles using ultrasound. Compared to conventionally-shod individuals, minimally-shod individuals had higher and stiffer LAs, and larger abductor hallucis and abductor digiti minimi muscles. Additionally, abductor hallucis size was positively associated with LA stiffness during walking. Our results suggest that use of conventional modern shoes is associated with weaker intrinsic foot muscles that may predispose individuals to reduced foot stiffness and potentially flat foot.
format	article
author	Nicholas B. Holowka Ian J. Wallace Daniel E. Lieberman
author_facet	Nicholas B. Holowka Ian J. Wallace Daniel E. Lieberman
author_sort	Nicholas B. Holowka
title	Foot strength and stiffness are related to footwear use in a comparison of minimally- vs. conventionally-shod populations
title_short	Foot strength and stiffness are related to footwear use in a comparison of minimally- vs. conventionally-shod populations
title_full	Foot strength and stiffness are related to footwear use in a comparison of minimally- vs. conventionally-shod populations
title_fullStr	Foot strength and stiffness are related to footwear use in a comparison of minimally- vs. conventionally-shod populations
title_full_unstemmed	Foot strength and stiffness are related to footwear use in a comparison of minimally- vs. conventionally-shod populations
title_sort	foot strength and stiffness are related to footwear use in a comparison of minimally- vs. conventionally-shod populations
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2018
url	https://doaj.org/article/6722ab2dcc8541eca3d457c6cf65b3e2
work_keys_str_mv	AT nicholasbholowka footstrengthandstiffnessarerelatedtofootwearuseinacomparisonofminimallyvsconventionallyshodpopulations AT ianjwallace footstrengthandstiffnessarerelatedtofootwearuseinacomparisonofminimallyvsconventionallyshodpopulations AT danielelieberman footstrengthandstiffnessarerelatedtofootwearuseinacomparisonofminimallyvsconventionallyshodpopulations
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Foot strength and stiffness are related to footwear use in a comparison of minimally- vs. conventionally-shod populations

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