Development and Evaluation of an Onion Harvester Machine with Excrescence Axes

Introduction It is common to use rod weeders for onion harvesting according to their prevention of root blocking in front of the machine and separation of onion bulbs from soil by shaking. Chesson et al., (1977), used a rod weeder for manufacturing an onion harvester. This machine had a rectangular...

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Autores principales:	M. A Zamani Dehyaghoubi, K Jafari Naeimi, M Shamsi, H Maghsoudi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN FA
Publicado:	Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 2018
Materias:	forward velocity kinematic indices rotational speed working depth Agriculture (General) S1-972 Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/678d19de37ea48dd821f3e80f9562ea3
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:678d19de37ea48dd821f3e80f9562ea3
record_format	dspace
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN FA
topic	forward velocity kinematic indices rotational speed working depth Agriculture (General) S1-972 Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040
spellingShingle	forward velocity kinematic indices rotational speed working depth Agriculture (General) S1-972 Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 M. A Zamani Dehyaghoubi K Jafari Naeimi M Shamsi H Maghsoudi Development and Evaluation of an Onion Harvester Machine with Excrescence Axes
description	Introduction It is common to use rod weeders for onion harvesting according to their prevention of root blocking in front of the machine and separation of onion bulbs from soil by shaking. Chesson et al., (1977), used a rod weeder for manufacturing an onion harvester. This machine had a rectangular rotor axis with 25mm×25mm cross section. The rotor power was provided by a hydro-motor. An investigation into onion losses during the harvesting operation showed that the majority of crop damages have been occurred due to the collision of rods with onion bulbs. Therefore, the objective of this study is to design and evaluate an onion harvester based on rod weeders with the capability of crop harvesting with minimum damage. Materials and Methods The main components of the examined onion harvester are chassis, furrower, and power transmission system and excrescence axes. Rectangular 100mm×100mm and 40mm×80mm profiles with 4mm profile thickness are used to fabricate the chassis. The furrowers were installed on each side of the chassis as the first parts of the harvester that comes into contact with the soil. Power transmission system provided rotation of two axes from both sides of the machine due to the lack of space for working of two chains on the one side. Therefore, a gearbox having one input shaft and two output shafts was selected for the machine. The gearbox output shafts turn the rotors with a reduction ratio of 1 to 3.5. The rotary motion of the excrescence axes cuts and moves the soil located under the onions bulbs upward and finally the onion bulbs are placed on the soil surface. Therefore, excrescence axes can be considered as the main part of the onion harvester. The excrescence shape of the axes were created by star wheels. Star wheels had a hole with a square section in center (30mm×30mm), for installing them on their shaft. Choosing this kind of the connection, dose not let star wheels to move freely. Also to limit the lateral movement of the star wheels on axis, metallic spacers were used between the adjacent pairs of them. To evaluate the machine performance three variable factors were defined: working depth (20 and 26 cm), forward speed (3, 4.5 and 6 Km h-1) and rotational speed of the excrescence axes (150, 220 and 290 rpm). The conducted experiments were analyzed in a complete randomized design with three replications. Results and Discussion The analysis of variance showed that the working depth and forward velocity of axis had significant effect (in 5% level) on the success rate of onion harvester. Also the interaction between depth and forward velocity and the interaction between rotational speed of axes and forward speed were significant. The interaction between depth and rotational speed of axes and the interaction between depth, rotational speed of axes and forward speed were not significant. Evaluation of the interaction between depth and forward velocity showed that the most success rate of onion harvesting was in 20 cm depth and forward velocity equal to 3 and 4.5 km h-1. The least success was gained in 26 cm depth with 4.5 and 6 km h-1 forward speed. Evaluation of the interaction between rotational speed of axes and forward speed showed that the most success in the onion harvesting was occurred with a machine having 3 km h-1 forward velocity and 150 rpm rotational speed and also 4.5 km h-1 forward velocity and 220 rpm rotational speed. Conclusions The success rate of the onion harvesting decreased by increasing the working depth of the machine and axes distance to the onion bulbs. Also with excessive forward velocity the success rate of onion harvesting decreased because of difficulties in controlling the tractor guidance in straight line. The best performance of this onion harvesting machine was in 20 cm depth, 4.5 km h-1 forward velocity and 220 rpm axes rotational speed. Adjusting the machine working parameters according to these values, the ratio of the linear speed of the star wheel tips to the forward velocity of the machine (kinematic index) was equal to 0.82.
format	article
author	M. A Zamani Dehyaghoubi K Jafari Naeimi M Shamsi H Maghsoudi
author_facet	M. A Zamani Dehyaghoubi K Jafari Naeimi M Shamsi H Maghsoudi
author_sort	M. A Zamani Dehyaghoubi
title	Development and Evaluation of an Onion Harvester Machine with Excrescence Axes
title_short	Development and Evaluation of an Onion Harvester Machine with Excrescence Axes
title_full	Development and Evaluation of an Onion Harvester Machine with Excrescence Axes
title_fullStr	Development and Evaluation of an Onion Harvester Machine with Excrescence Axes
title_full_unstemmed	Development and Evaluation of an Onion Harvester Machine with Excrescence Axes
title_sort	development and evaluation of an onion harvester machine with excrescence axes
publisher	Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
publishDate	2018
url	https://doaj.org/article/678d19de37ea48dd821f3e80f9562ea3
work_keys_str_mv	AT mazamanidehyaghoubi developmentandevaluationofanonionharvestermachinewithexcrescenceaxes AT kjafarinaeimi developmentandevaluationofanonionharvestermachinewithexcrescenceaxes AT mshamsi developmentandevaluationofanonionharvestermachinewithexcrescenceaxes AT hmaghsoudi developmentandevaluationofanonionharvestermachinewithexcrescenceaxes
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:678d19de37ea48dd821f3e80f9562ea32021-11-14T06:34:41ZDevelopment and Evaluation of an Onion Harvester Machine with Excrescence Axes2228-68292423-394310.22067/jam.v8i2.62726https://doaj.org/article/678d19de37ea48dd821f3e80f9562ea32018-09-01T00:00:00Zhttps://jame.um.ac.ir/article_32905_2b3da2870ea18d903abc7b35f663451d.pdfhttps://doaj.org/toc/2228-6829https://doaj.org/toc/2423-3943Introduction It is common to use rod weeders for onion harvesting according to their prevention of root blocking in front of the machine and separation of onion bulbs from soil by shaking. Chesson et al., (1977), used a rod weeder for manufacturing an onion harvester. This machine had a rectangular rotor axis with 25mm×25mm cross section. The rotor power was provided by a hydro-motor. An investigation into onion losses during the harvesting operation showed that the majority of crop damages have been occurred due to the collision of rods with onion bulbs. Therefore, the objective of this study is to design and evaluate an onion harvester based on rod weeders with the capability of crop harvesting with minimum damage. Materials and Methods The main components of the examined onion harvester are chassis, furrower, and power transmission system and excrescence axes. Rectangular 100mm×100mm and 40mm×80mm profiles with 4mm profile thickness are used to fabricate the chassis. The furrowers were installed on each side of the chassis as the first parts of the harvester that comes into contact with the soil. Power transmission system provided rotation of two axes from both sides of the machine due to the lack of space for working of two chains on the one side. Therefore, a gearbox having one input shaft and two output shafts was selected for the machine. The gearbox output shafts turn the rotors with a reduction ratio of 1 to 3.5. The rotary motion of the excrescence axes cuts and moves the soil located under the onions bulbs upward and finally the onion bulbs are placed on the soil surface. Therefore, excrescence axes can be considered as the main part of the onion harvester. The excrescence shape of the axes were created by star wheels. Star wheels had a hole with a square section in center (30mm×30mm), for installing them on their shaft. Choosing this kind of the connection, dose not let star wheels to move freely. Also to limit the lateral movement of the star wheels on axis, metallic spacers were used between the adjacent pairs of them. To evaluate the machine performance three variable factors were defined: working depth (20 and 26 cm), forward speed (3, 4.5 and 6 Km h-1) and rotational speed of the excrescence axes (150, 220 and 290 rpm). The conducted experiments were analyzed in a complete randomized design with three replications. Results and Discussion The analysis of variance showed that the working depth and forward velocity of axis had significant effect (in 5% level) on the success rate of onion harvester. Also the interaction between depth and forward velocity and the interaction between rotational speed of axes and forward speed were significant. The interaction between depth and rotational speed of axes and the interaction between depth, rotational speed of axes and forward speed were not significant. Evaluation of the interaction between depth and forward velocity showed that the most success rate of onion harvesting was in 20 cm depth and forward velocity equal to 3 and 4.5 km h-1. The least success was gained in 26 cm depth with 4.5 and 6 km h-1 forward speed. Evaluation of the interaction between rotational speed of axes and forward speed showed that the most success in the onion harvesting was occurred with a machine having 3 km h-1 forward velocity and 150 rpm rotational speed and also 4.5 km h-1 forward velocity and 220 rpm rotational speed. Conclusions The success rate of the onion harvesting decreased by increasing the working depth of the machine and axes distance to the onion bulbs. Also with excessive forward velocity the success rate of onion harvesting decreased because of difficulties in controlling the tractor guidance in straight line. The best performance of this onion harvesting machine was in 20 cm depth, 4.5 km h-1 forward velocity and 220 rpm axes rotational speed. Adjusting the machine working parameters according to these values, the ratio of the linear speed of the star wheel tips to the forward velocity of the machine (kinematic index) was equal to 0.82.M. A Zamani DehyaghoubiK Jafari NaeimiM ShamsiH MaghsoudiFerdowsi University of Mashhadarticleforward velocitykinematic indicesrotational speedworking depthAgriculture (General)S1-972Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040ENFAJournal of Agricultural Machinery, Vol 8, Iss 2, Pp 249-262 (2018)

Development and Evaluation of an Onion Harvester Machine with Excrescence Axes

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