A Noise-Resilient Neuromorphic Digit Classifier Based on NOR Flash Memories with Pulse–Width Modulation Scheme

In this work, we investigate the implementation of a neuromorphic digit classifier based on NOR Flash memory arrays as artificial synaptic arrays and exploiting a pulse-width modulation (PWM) scheme. Its performance is compared in presence of various noise sources against what achieved when a classi...

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Autores principales:	Gerardo Malavena, Alessandro Sottocornola Spinelli, Christian Monzio Compagnoni
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	artificial neural networks neuromorphic computing NOR Flash memory arrays program noise random telegraph noise pulse-width modulation Electronics TK7800-8360
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/67e11673a39745f2bf3d6269ba7356f6
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:67e11673a39745f2bf3d6269ba7356f6
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:67e11673a39745f2bf3d6269ba7356f62021-11-25T17:24:37ZA Noise-Resilient Neuromorphic Digit Classifier Based on NOR Flash Memories with Pulse–Width Modulation Scheme10.3390/electronics102227842079-9292https://doaj.org/article/67e11673a39745f2bf3d6269ba7356f62021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/22/2784https://doaj.org/toc/2079-9292In this work, we investigate the implementation of a neuromorphic digit classifier based on NOR Flash memory arrays as artificial synaptic arrays and exploiting a pulse-width modulation (PWM) scheme. Its performance is compared in presence of various noise sources against what achieved when a classical pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) scheme is employed. First, by modeling the cell threshold voltage (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>T</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>) placement affected by program noise during a program-and-verify scheme based on incremental step pulse programming (ISPP), we show that the classifier truthfulness degradation due to the limited program accuracy achieved in the PWM case is considerably lower than that obtained with the PAM approach. Then, a similar analysis is carried out to investigate the classifier behavior after program in presence of cell <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>T</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> instabilities due to random telegraph noise (RTN) and to temperature variations, leading again to results in favor of the PWM approach. In light of these results, the present work suggests a viable solution to overcome some of the more serious reliability issues of NOR Flash-based artificial neural networks, paving the way to the implementation of highly-reliable, noise-resilient neuromorphic systems.Gerardo MalavenaAlessandro Sottocornola SpinelliChristian Monzio CompagnoniMDPI AGarticleartificial neural networksneuromorphic computingNOR Flash memory arraysprogram noiserandom telegraph noisepulse-width modulationElectronicsTK7800-8360ENElectronics, Vol 10, Iss 2784, p 2784 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	artificial neural networks neuromorphic computing NOR Flash memory arrays program noise random telegraph noise pulse-width modulation Electronics TK7800-8360
spellingShingle	artificial neural networks neuromorphic computing NOR Flash memory arrays program noise random telegraph noise pulse-width modulation Electronics TK7800-8360 Gerardo Malavena Alessandro Sottocornola Spinelli Christian Monzio Compagnoni A Noise-Resilient Neuromorphic Digit Classifier Based on NOR Flash Memories with Pulse–Width Modulation Scheme
description	In this work, we investigate the implementation of a neuromorphic digit classifier based on NOR Flash memory arrays as artificial synaptic arrays and exploiting a pulse-width modulation (PWM) scheme. Its performance is compared in presence of various noise sources against what achieved when a classical pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) scheme is employed. First, by modeling the cell threshold voltage (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>T</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>) placement affected by program noise during a program-and-verify scheme based on incremental step pulse programming (ISPP), we show that the classifier truthfulness degradation due to the limited program accuracy achieved in the PWM case is considerably lower than that obtained with the PAM approach. Then, a similar analysis is carried out to investigate the classifier behavior after program in presence of cell <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>T</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> instabilities due to random telegraph noise (RTN) and to temperature variations, leading again to results in favor of the PWM approach. In light of these results, the present work suggests a viable solution to overcome some of the more serious reliability issues of NOR Flash-based artificial neural networks, paving the way to the implementation of highly-reliable, noise-resilient neuromorphic systems.
format	article
author	Gerardo Malavena Alessandro Sottocornola Spinelli Christian Monzio Compagnoni
author_facet	Gerardo Malavena Alessandro Sottocornola Spinelli Christian Monzio Compagnoni
author_sort	Gerardo Malavena
title	A Noise-Resilient Neuromorphic Digit Classifier Based on NOR Flash Memories with Pulse–Width Modulation Scheme
title_short	A Noise-Resilient Neuromorphic Digit Classifier Based on NOR Flash Memories with Pulse–Width Modulation Scheme
title_full	A Noise-Resilient Neuromorphic Digit Classifier Based on NOR Flash Memories with Pulse–Width Modulation Scheme
title_fullStr	A Noise-Resilient Neuromorphic Digit Classifier Based on NOR Flash Memories with Pulse–Width Modulation Scheme
title_full_unstemmed	A Noise-Resilient Neuromorphic Digit Classifier Based on NOR Flash Memories with Pulse–Width Modulation Scheme
title_sort	noise-resilient neuromorphic digit classifier based on nor flash memories with pulse–width modulation scheme
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/67e11673a39745f2bf3d6269ba7356f6
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A Noise-Resilient Neuromorphic Digit Classifier Based on NOR Flash Memories with Pulse–Width Modulation Scheme

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