Increasing Hormonal Control of Skeletal Development: An Evolutionary Trend in Amphibians

The biphasic life history of amphibians includes metamorphosis, a complex developmental event that involves drastic changes in the morphology, physiology and biochemistry accompanying the transition from the larval to adult stage of development. Thyroid hormones (THs) are widely known to orchestrate...

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Autores principales:	Anna B. Vassilieva, Sergei V. Smirnov
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	Bombina heterochronies life history metamorphosis skeletogenesis thyroid hormones Evolution QH359-425 Ecology QH540-549.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/68bd60248a254ad993781cd9ed8461d9
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:68bd60248a254ad993781cd9ed8461d92021-11-04T08:16:06ZIncreasing Hormonal Control of Skeletal Development: An Evolutionary Trend in Amphibians2296-701X10.3389/fevo.2021.733947https://doaj.org/article/68bd60248a254ad993781cd9ed8461d92021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2021.733947/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-701XThe biphasic life history of amphibians includes metamorphosis, a complex developmental event that involves drastic changes in the morphology, physiology and biochemistry accompanying the transition from the larval to adult stage of development. Thyroid hormones (THs) are widely known to orchestrate this remodeling and, in particular, to mediate the development of the bony skeleton, which is a model system in evolutionary morphological studies of amphibians. Detailed experimental studies of the role of THs in the craniogenesis of diverse urodelan amphibians revealed that (i) these hormones affect both the timing and sequence of bone formation, (ii) TH involvement increases in parallel with the increase in divergence between larval and adult skull morphology, and (iii) among urodelans, TH-involvement in skull development changes from a minimum in basal salamanders (Hynobiidae) to the most pronounced in derived ones (Salamandridae and Plethodontidae). Given the increasing regulatory function of THs in urodelan evolution, we hypothesized a stronger involvement of THs in the control of skeletogenesis in anurans with their most complex and dramatic metamorphosis among all amphibians. Our experimental study of skeletal development in the hypo- and hyperthyroid yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata: Bombinatoridae) supports the greater involvement of THs in the mediation of all stages of anuran cranial and postcranial bones formation. Similar to urodelans, B. variegata displays enhancing TH involvement in the development of cranial bones that arise during larval ontogeny: while the hormonal impact on early larval ossifications is minimal, the skull bones forming during metamorphosis are strictly TH-inducible. However, in contrast to urodelans, all cranial bones, including the earliest to form, are TH-dependent in B. variegata; moreover, the development of all elements of the axial and limb skeleton is affected by THs. The more accentuated hormonal control of skeletogenesis in B. variegata demonstrates the advanced regulatory and inductive function of THs in the orchestration of anuran metamorphosis. Based on these findings, we discuss (i) changes in THs function in amphibian evolution and (ii) the role of THs in the evolution of life histories in amphibians.Anna B. VassilievaSergei V. SmirnovFrontiers Media S.A.articleBombinaheterochronieslife historymetamorphosisskeletogenesisthyroid hormonesEvolutionQH359-425EcologyQH540-549.5ENFrontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Vol 9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Bombina heterochronies life history metamorphosis skeletogenesis thyroid hormones Evolution QH359-425 Ecology QH540-549.5
spellingShingle	Bombina heterochronies life history metamorphosis skeletogenesis thyroid hormones Evolution QH359-425 Ecology QH540-549.5 Anna B. Vassilieva Sergei V. Smirnov Increasing Hormonal Control of Skeletal Development: An Evolutionary Trend in Amphibians
description	The biphasic life history of amphibians includes metamorphosis, a complex developmental event that involves drastic changes in the morphology, physiology and biochemistry accompanying the transition from the larval to adult stage of development. Thyroid hormones (THs) are widely known to orchestrate this remodeling and, in particular, to mediate the development of the bony skeleton, which is a model system in evolutionary morphological studies of amphibians. Detailed experimental studies of the role of THs in the craniogenesis of diverse urodelan amphibians revealed that (i) these hormones affect both the timing and sequence of bone formation, (ii) TH involvement increases in parallel with the increase in divergence between larval and adult skull morphology, and (iii) among urodelans, TH-involvement in skull development changes from a minimum in basal salamanders (Hynobiidae) to the most pronounced in derived ones (Salamandridae and Plethodontidae). Given the increasing regulatory function of THs in urodelan evolution, we hypothesized a stronger involvement of THs in the control of skeletogenesis in anurans with their most complex and dramatic metamorphosis among all amphibians. Our experimental study of skeletal development in the hypo- and hyperthyroid yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata: Bombinatoridae) supports the greater involvement of THs in the mediation of all stages of anuran cranial and postcranial bones formation. Similar to urodelans, B. variegata displays enhancing TH involvement in the development of cranial bones that arise during larval ontogeny: while the hormonal impact on early larval ossifications is minimal, the skull bones forming during metamorphosis are strictly TH-inducible. However, in contrast to urodelans, all cranial bones, including the earliest to form, are TH-dependent in B. variegata; moreover, the development of all elements of the axial and limb skeleton is affected by THs. The more accentuated hormonal control of skeletogenesis in B. variegata demonstrates the advanced regulatory and inductive function of THs in the orchestration of anuran metamorphosis. Based on these findings, we discuss (i) changes in THs function in amphibian evolution and (ii) the role of THs in the evolution of life histories in amphibians.
format	article
author	Anna B. Vassilieva Sergei V. Smirnov
author_facet	Anna B. Vassilieva Sergei V. Smirnov
author_sort	Anna B. Vassilieva
title	Increasing Hormonal Control of Skeletal Development: An Evolutionary Trend in Amphibians
title_short	Increasing Hormonal Control of Skeletal Development: An Evolutionary Trend in Amphibians
title_full	Increasing Hormonal Control of Skeletal Development: An Evolutionary Trend in Amphibians
title_fullStr	Increasing Hormonal Control of Skeletal Development: An Evolutionary Trend in Amphibians
title_full_unstemmed	Increasing Hormonal Control of Skeletal Development: An Evolutionary Trend in Amphibians
title_sort	increasing hormonal control of skeletal development: an evolutionary trend in amphibians
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/68bd60248a254ad993781cd9ed8461d9
work_keys_str_mv	AT annabvassilieva increasinghormonalcontrolofskeletaldevelopmentanevolutionarytrendinamphibians AT sergeivsmirnov increasinghormonalcontrolofskeletaldevelopmentanevolutionarytrendinamphibians
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Increasing Hormonal Control of Skeletal Development: An Evolutionary Trend in Amphibians

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