Threshold for onset of injury in Chinook salmon from exposure to impulsive pile driving sounds.

The risk of effects to fishes and other aquatic life from impulsive sound produced by activities such as pile driving and seismic exploration is increasing throughout the world, particularly with the increased exploitation of oceans for energy production. At the same time, there are few data that pr...

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Autores principales:	Michele B Halvorsen, Brandon M Casper, Christa M Woodley, Thomas J Carlson, Arthur N Popper
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2012
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/68fc294e898a41ecb3988529e6c76885
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:68fc294e898a41ecb3988529e6c768852021-11-18T07:14:53ZThreshold for onset of injury in Chinook salmon from exposure to impulsive pile driving sounds.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0038968https://doaj.org/article/68fc294e898a41ecb3988529e6c768852012-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22745695/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203The risk of effects to fishes and other aquatic life from impulsive sound produced by activities such as pile driving and seismic exploration is increasing throughout the world, particularly with the increased exploitation of oceans for energy production. At the same time, there are few data that provide insight into the effects of these sounds on fishes. The goal of this study was to provide quantitative data to define the levels of impulsive sound that could result in the onset of barotrauma to fish. A High Intensity Controlled Impedance Fluid filled wave Tube was developed that enabled laboratory simulation of high-energy impulsive sound that were characteristic of aquatic far-field, plane-wave acoustic conditions. The sounds used were based upon the impulsive sounds generated by an impact hammer striking a steel shell pile. Neutrally buoyant juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were exposed to impulsive sounds and subsequently evaluated for barotrauma injuries. Observed injuries ranged from mild hematomas at the lowest sound exposure levels to organ hemorrhage at the highest sound exposure levels. Frequency of observed injuries were used to compute a biological response weighted index (RWI) to evaluate the physiological impact of injuries at the different exposure levels. As single strike and cumulative sound exposure levels (SEL(ss), SEL(cum) respectively) increased, RWI values increased. Based on the results, tissue damage associated with adverse physiological costs occurred when the RWI was greater than 2. In terms of sound exposure levels a RWI of 2 was achieved for 1920 strikes by 177 dB re 1 µPa(2)⋅s SEL(ss) yielding a SEL(cum) of 210 dB re 1 µPa(2)⋅s, and for 960 strikes by 180 dB re 1 µPa(2)⋅s SEL(ss) yielding a SEL(cum) of 210 dB re 1 µPa(2)⋅s. These metrics define thresholds for onset of injury in juvenile Chinook salmon.Michele B HalvorsenBrandon M CasperChrista M WoodleyThomas J CarlsonArthur N PopperPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 6, p e38968 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Michele B Halvorsen Brandon M Casper Christa M Woodley Thomas J Carlson Arthur N Popper Threshold for onset of injury in Chinook salmon from exposure to impulsive pile driving sounds.
description	The risk of effects to fishes and other aquatic life from impulsive sound produced by activities such as pile driving and seismic exploration is increasing throughout the world, particularly with the increased exploitation of oceans for energy production. At the same time, there are few data that provide insight into the effects of these sounds on fishes. The goal of this study was to provide quantitative data to define the levels of impulsive sound that could result in the onset of barotrauma to fish. A High Intensity Controlled Impedance Fluid filled wave Tube was developed that enabled laboratory simulation of high-energy impulsive sound that were characteristic of aquatic far-field, plane-wave acoustic conditions. The sounds used were based upon the impulsive sounds generated by an impact hammer striking a steel shell pile. Neutrally buoyant juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were exposed to impulsive sounds and subsequently evaluated for barotrauma injuries. Observed injuries ranged from mild hematomas at the lowest sound exposure levels to organ hemorrhage at the highest sound exposure levels. Frequency of observed injuries were used to compute a biological response weighted index (RWI) to evaluate the physiological impact of injuries at the different exposure levels. As single strike and cumulative sound exposure levels (SEL(ss), SEL(cum) respectively) increased, RWI values increased. Based on the results, tissue damage associated with adverse physiological costs occurred when the RWI was greater than 2. In terms of sound exposure levels a RWI of 2 was achieved for 1920 strikes by 177 dB re 1 µPa(2)⋅s SEL(ss) yielding a SEL(cum) of 210 dB re 1 µPa(2)⋅s, and for 960 strikes by 180 dB re 1 µPa(2)⋅s SEL(ss) yielding a SEL(cum) of 210 dB re 1 µPa(2)⋅s. These metrics define thresholds for onset of injury in juvenile Chinook salmon.
format	article
author	Michele B Halvorsen Brandon M Casper Christa M Woodley Thomas J Carlson Arthur N Popper
author_facet	Michele B Halvorsen Brandon M Casper Christa M Woodley Thomas J Carlson Arthur N Popper
author_sort	Michele B Halvorsen
title	Threshold for onset of injury in Chinook salmon from exposure to impulsive pile driving sounds.
title_short	Threshold for onset of injury in Chinook salmon from exposure to impulsive pile driving sounds.
title_full	Threshold for onset of injury in Chinook salmon from exposure to impulsive pile driving sounds.
title_fullStr	Threshold for onset of injury in Chinook salmon from exposure to impulsive pile driving sounds.
title_full_unstemmed	Threshold for onset of injury in Chinook salmon from exposure to impulsive pile driving sounds.
title_sort	threshold for onset of injury in chinook salmon from exposure to impulsive pile driving sounds.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/68fc294e898a41ecb3988529e6c76885
work_keys_str_mv	AT michelebhalvorsen thresholdforonsetofinjuryinchinooksalmonfromexposuretoimpulsivepiledrivingsounds AT brandonmcasper thresholdforonsetofinjuryinchinooksalmonfromexposuretoimpulsivepiledrivingsounds AT christamwoodley thresholdforonsetofinjuryinchinooksalmonfromexposuretoimpulsivepiledrivingsounds AT thomasjcarlson thresholdforonsetofinjuryinchinooksalmonfromexposuretoimpulsivepiledrivingsounds AT arthurnpopper thresholdforonsetofinjuryinchinooksalmonfromexposuretoimpulsivepiledrivingsounds
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Threshold for onset of injury in Chinook salmon from exposure to impulsive pile driving sounds.

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