D-Dimer Tests in the Emergency Department: Current Insights

Francesca Innocenti, Cristian Lazzari, Francesca Ricci, Elisa Paolucci, Ilya Agishev, Riccardo Pini Emergency Department High-Dependency Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, ItalyCorrespondence: Francesca Innocenti Lg. Brambilla 4, Florence,...

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Autores principales:	Innocenti F, Lazzari C, Ricci F, Paolucci E, Agishev I, Pini R
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2021
Materias:	venous thromboembolism aortic syndromes diagnostic assessment sepsis covid-19 prognostic stratification Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid RC86-88.9
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/695ca416f1744c99a1cd24fa150c3916
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:695ca416f1744c99a1cd24fa150c39162021-11-11T18:22:26ZD-Dimer Tests in the Emergency Department: Current Insights1179-1500https://doaj.org/article/695ca416f1744c99a1cd24fa150c39162021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/d-dimer-tests-in-the-emergency-department-current-insights-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OAEMhttps://doaj.org/toc/1179-1500Francesca Innocenti, Cristian Lazzari, Francesca Ricci, Elisa Paolucci, Ilya Agishev, Riccardo Pini Emergency Department High-Dependency Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, ItalyCorrespondence: Francesca Innocenti Lg. Brambilla 4, Florence, 50144, ItalyTel +39 333 9117845Email innocenti.fra66@gmail.comAbstract: In the Emergency Medicine setting, D-dimer is currently employed in the diagnostic assessment of suspected venous thromboembolism and aortic syndrome. The nonspecific symptoms reported by patients, like chest pain, dyspnea or syncope, uncover a wide range of differential diagnosis, spanning from mild to life-threatening conditions. Therefore, we assumed the perspective of the Emergency Physician and, in this narrative review, we reported a brief presentation of the epidemiology of these symptoms and the characteristics of patients, in whom we could suspect the aforementioned pathologies. We also reported in which patients D-dimer gives useful information. In fact, when the probability of the disease is high, the D-dimer level is futile. On the contrary, given the low specificity of the test, when the probability of the disease is very low, a false-positive value of the D-dimer only increases the risk of overtesting. Patients with low to moderate probability really benefit from the D-dimer testing, in order to prevent the execution of expensive and potentially dangerous imaging tests. In the second part of the review, we focused on the prognostic value of the test in septic patients. The early prognostic stratification of septic patients remains a challenge for the Emergency Physician, in the absence of a definite biomarker or score to rely on. Therefore, we need several parameters for the early identification of patients at risk of an adverse prognosis and the D-dimer may play a role in this demanding task. SARS COVID-19 patients represent an emerging reality, where the role of the D-dimer for prognostic stratification could be relevant. In fact, in patients with severe forms of this disease, the D-dimer reaches very high values, which appear to parallel the course of respiratory failure. Whether the test may add useful information for the management of these patients remains to be determined.Keywords: venous thromboembolism, aortic syndromes, diagnostic assessment, sepsis, COVID-19, prognostic stratificationInnocenti FLazzari CRicci FPaolucci EAgishev IPini RDove Medical Pressarticlevenous thromboembolismaortic syndromesdiagnostic assessmentsepsiscovid-19prognostic stratificationMedical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aidRC86-88.9ENOpen Access Emergency Medicine, Vol Volume 13, Pp 465-479 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	venous thromboembolism aortic syndromes diagnostic assessment sepsis covid-19 prognostic stratification Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid RC86-88.9
spellingShingle	venous thromboembolism aortic syndromes diagnostic assessment sepsis covid-19 prognostic stratification Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid RC86-88.9 Innocenti F Lazzari C Ricci F Paolucci E Agishev I Pini R D-Dimer Tests in the Emergency Department: Current Insights
description	Francesca Innocenti, Cristian Lazzari, Francesca Ricci, Elisa Paolucci, Ilya Agishev, Riccardo Pini Emergency Department High-Dependency Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, ItalyCorrespondence: Francesca Innocenti Lg. Brambilla 4, Florence, 50144, ItalyTel +39 333 9117845Email innocenti.fra66@gmail.comAbstract: In the Emergency Medicine setting, D-dimer is currently employed in the diagnostic assessment of suspected venous thromboembolism and aortic syndrome. The nonspecific symptoms reported by patients, like chest pain, dyspnea or syncope, uncover a wide range of differential diagnosis, spanning from mild to life-threatening conditions. Therefore, we assumed the perspective of the Emergency Physician and, in this narrative review, we reported a brief presentation of the epidemiology of these symptoms and the characteristics of patients, in whom we could suspect the aforementioned pathologies. We also reported in which patients D-dimer gives useful information. In fact, when the probability of the disease is high, the D-dimer level is futile. On the contrary, given the low specificity of the test, when the probability of the disease is very low, a false-positive value of the D-dimer only increases the risk of overtesting. Patients with low to moderate probability really benefit from the D-dimer testing, in order to prevent the execution of expensive and potentially dangerous imaging tests. In the second part of the review, we focused on the prognostic value of the test in septic patients. The early prognostic stratification of septic patients remains a challenge for the Emergency Physician, in the absence of a definite biomarker or score to rely on. Therefore, we need several parameters for the early identification of patients at risk of an adverse prognosis and the D-dimer may play a role in this demanding task. SARS COVID-19 patients represent an emerging reality, where the role of the D-dimer for prognostic stratification could be relevant. In fact, in patients with severe forms of this disease, the D-dimer reaches very high values, which appear to parallel the course of respiratory failure. Whether the test may add useful information for the management of these patients remains to be determined.Keywords: venous thromboembolism, aortic syndromes, diagnostic assessment, sepsis, COVID-19, prognostic stratification
format	article
author	Innocenti F Lazzari C Ricci F Paolucci E Agishev I Pini R
author_facet	Innocenti F Lazzari C Ricci F Paolucci E Agishev I Pini R
author_sort	Innocenti F
title	D-Dimer Tests in the Emergency Department: Current Insights
title_short	D-Dimer Tests in the Emergency Department: Current Insights
title_full	D-Dimer Tests in the Emergency Department: Current Insights
title_fullStr	D-Dimer Tests in the Emergency Department: Current Insights
title_full_unstemmed	D-Dimer Tests in the Emergency Department: Current Insights
title_sort	d-dimer tests in the emergency department: current insights
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/695ca416f1744c99a1cd24fa150c3916
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D-Dimer Tests in the Emergency Department: Current Insights

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