Implications of kinetically-hindered metals in ecotoxicological studies: Effect of platinum spike aging on its toxicity to Dunaliella salina

Platinum (Pt) is considered an emerging environmental micro-contaminant due to its increasing use in anthropogenic activities during the past decades. However, there are still important gaps in the understanding of its biogeochemical behavior in the aquatic environment – e.g. its speciation, reactiv...

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Autores principales:	Ana Romero-Freire, Melina Abdou, Antonio Cobelo-García
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Platinum Ecotoxicology Microalgae Speciation Equilibrium Environmental pollution TD172-193.5 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/69cfd98d43cc4fcfa8970dd73cd4028e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:69cfd98d43cc4fcfa8970dd73cd4028e2021-11-06T04:17:39ZImplications of kinetically-hindered metals in ecotoxicological studies: Effect of platinum spike aging on its toxicity to Dunaliella salina0147-651310.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112924https://doaj.org/article/69cfd98d43cc4fcfa8970dd73cd4028e2021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651321010368https://doaj.org/toc/0147-6513Platinum (Pt) is considered an emerging environmental micro-contaminant due to its increasing use in anthropogenic activities during the past decades. However, there are still important gaps in the understanding of its biogeochemical behavior in the aquatic environment – e.g. its speciation, reactivity and fate – mainly as a result of the analytical challenge of the determination of its typical ultra-trace environmental concentrations. Also, Pt is a kinetically-hindered metal displaying slow reaction kinetics, which has important implications regarding eco-toxicological studies. That is, investigation of its toxicity under laboratory-controlled conditions may therefore require ensuring that equilibrium speciation conditions are reached before starting the experiments. In order to shed further light on this issue, in this study we have monitored the speciation changes during aging of the Pt(IV) spikes in controlled media (seawater) using an UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Platinum toxicity to the green microalgae Dunaliella salina was then compared, using standardized tests, with fresh and aged Pt(IV) spikes at the mg L−1 concentration range. Following 96-hour exposure, ecotoxicological assays consisting in spectrometric measurements of chlorophyll-a concentrations and Effective Concentrations (EC) of Pt resulting in the inhibition of 10% and 50% of algae growth rate were calculated (EC10 and EC50, respectively). Daily monitoring of Pt speciation reflected the transition from PtCl62- (spike) to hydrolyzed species, probably in the form [PtCl3−n(OH)3+n]2-, n = 0–3. Exposure experiments showed that after a short period of aging (10 days), Pt(IV) toxicity increased one order of magnitude compared to freshly spiked media. These results confirm the relevance of considering spike aging to ensure that speciation equilibrium conditions are attained in order to produce environmental realistic eco-toxicological data.Ana Romero-FreireMelina AbdouAntonio Cobelo-GarcíaElsevierarticlePlatinumEcotoxicologyMicroalgaeSpeciationEquilibriumEnvironmental pollutionTD172-193.5Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol 227, Iss , Pp 112924- (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Platinum Ecotoxicology Microalgae Speciation Equilibrium Environmental pollution TD172-193.5 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	Platinum Ecotoxicology Microalgae Speciation Equilibrium Environmental pollution TD172-193.5 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Ana Romero-Freire Melina Abdou Antonio Cobelo-García Implications of kinetically-hindered metals in ecotoxicological studies: Effect of platinum spike aging on its toxicity to Dunaliella salina
description	Platinum (Pt) is considered an emerging environmental micro-contaminant due to its increasing use in anthropogenic activities during the past decades. However, there are still important gaps in the understanding of its biogeochemical behavior in the aquatic environment – e.g. its speciation, reactivity and fate – mainly as a result of the analytical challenge of the determination of its typical ultra-trace environmental concentrations. Also, Pt is a kinetically-hindered metal displaying slow reaction kinetics, which has important implications regarding eco-toxicological studies. That is, investigation of its toxicity under laboratory-controlled conditions may therefore require ensuring that equilibrium speciation conditions are reached before starting the experiments. In order to shed further light on this issue, in this study we have monitored the speciation changes during aging of the Pt(IV) spikes in controlled media (seawater) using an UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Platinum toxicity to the green microalgae Dunaliella salina was then compared, using standardized tests, with fresh and aged Pt(IV) spikes at the mg L−1 concentration range. Following 96-hour exposure, ecotoxicological assays consisting in spectrometric measurements of chlorophyll-a concentrations and Effective Concentrations (EC) of Pt resulting in the inhibition of 10% and 50% of algae growth rate were calculated (EC10 and EC50, respectively). Daily monitoring of Pt speciation reflected the transition from PtCl62- (spike) to hydrolyzed species, probably in the form [PtCl3−n(OH)3+n]2-, n = 0–3. Exposure experiments showed that after a short period of aging (10 days), Pt(IV) toxicity increased one order of magnitude compared to freshly spiked media. These results confirm the relevance of considering spike aging to ensure that speciation equilibrium conditions are attained in order to produce environmental realistic eco-toxicological data.
format	article
author	Ana Romero-Freire Melina Abdou Antonio Cobelo-García
author_facet	Ana Romero-Freire Melina Abdou Antonio Cobelo-García
author_sort	Ana Romero-Freire
title	Implications of kinetically-hindered metals in ecotoxicological studies: Effect of platinum spike aging on its toxicity to Dunaliella salina
title_short	Implications of kinetically-hindered metals in ecotoxicological studies: Effect of platinum spike aging on its toxicity to Dunaliella salina
title_full	Implications of kinetically-hindered metals in ecotoxicological studies: Effect of platinum spike aging on its toxicity to Dunaliella salina
title_fullStr	Implications of kinetically-hindered metals in ecotoxicological studies: Effect of platinum spike aging on its toxicity to Dunaliella salina
title_full_unstemmed	Implications of kinetically-hindered metals in ecotoxicological studies: Effect of platinum spike aging on its toxicity to Dunaliella salina
title_sort	implications of kinetically-hindered metals in ecotoxicological studies: effect of platinum spike aging on its toxicity to dunaliella salina
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/69cfd98d43cc4fcfa8970dd73cd4028e
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Implications of kinetically-hindered metals in ecotoxicological studies: Effect of platinum spike aging on its toxicity to Dunaliella salina

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