Alternative Materials for Printed Circuit Board Production: An Environmental Perspective

This article investigates the potential environmental impacts of four-layer printed circuit board (PCB) production from cradle to grave. The study starts with a lifecycle assessment of conventional PCB production. Then, the alternative materials of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polylactic acid (...

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Autores principales:	Mohammad Naji Nassajfar, Ivan Deviatkin, Ville Leminen, Mika Horttanainen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	lifecycle assessment printed circuit board bio-materials printed electronics sustainable electronics Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6a8729ce34df4462996a76212c1fe67b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6a8729ce34df4462996a76212c1fe67b2021-11-11T19:45:10ZAlternative Materials for Printed Circuit Board Production: An Environmental Perspective10.3390/su1321121262071-1050https://doaj.org/article/6a8729ce34df4462996a76212c1fe67b2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/12126https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050This article investigates the potential environmental impacts of four-layer printed circuit board (PCB) production from cradle to grave. The study starts with a lifecycle assessment of conventional PCB production. Then, the alternative materials of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polylactic acid (PLA)/glass fiber composite and paper are investigated for the substrate. A conventional PCB adopts copper as the conductive material and requires an etching process. The environmental impacts of changing the conductive deposition method to an additive method by printing silver nanoparticles is studied. In a conventional PCB, electricity generation contributes 41% of the global warming potential (GWP) and 38% of the abiotic resource depletion (ADP), in the fossil category. By applying an additive manufacturing method, the GWP of PCB manufacturing can be reduced to 14% of that of the conventional method. A sensitivity analysis of silver recycling illustrates that a 40% higher silver recycling rate would decrease the GWP of silver material by about 48–60%. Uncertainty in the energy consumption of PCB production would alter the environmental impacts; however, even with the most conservative energy consumption in a conventional PCB production method, the environmental impacts of the additive method are about five times lower than those of conventional PCB production.Mohammad Naji NassajfarIvan DeviatkinVille LeminenMika HorttanainenMDPI AGarticlelifecycle assessmentprinted circuit boardbio-materialsprinted electronicssustainable electronicsEnvironmental effects of industries and plantsTD194-195Renewable energy sourcesTJ807-830Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENSustainability, Vol 13, Iss 12126, p 12126 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	lifecycle assessment printed circuit board bio-materials printed electronics sustainable electronics Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	lifecycle assessment printed circuit board bio-materials printed electronics sustainable electronics Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Mohammad Naji Nassajfar Ivan Deviatkin Ville Leminen Mika Horttanainen Alternative Materials for Printed Circuit Board Production: An Environmental Perspective
description	This article investigates the potential environmental impacts of four-layer printed circuit board (PCB) production from cradle to grave. The study starts with a lifecycle assessment of conventional PCB production. Then, the alternative materials of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polylactic acid (PLA)/glass fiber composite and paper are investigated for the substrate. A conventional PCB adopts copper as the conductive material and requires an etching process. The environmental impacts of changing the conductive deposition method to an additive method by printing silver nanoparticles is studied. In a conventional PCB, electricity generation contributes 41% of the global warming potential (GWP) and 38% of the abiotic resource depletion (ADP), in the fossil category. By applying an additive manufacturing method, the GWP of PCB manufacturing can be reduced to 14% of that of the conventional method. A sensitivity analysis of silver recycling illustrates that a 40% higher silver recycling rate would decrease the GWP of silver material by about 48–60%. Uncertainty in the energy consumption of PCB production would alter the environmental impacts; however, even with the most conservative energy consumption in a conventional PCB production method, the environmental impacts of the additive method are about five times lower than those of conventional PCB production.
format	article
author	Mohammad Naji Nassajfar Ivan Deviatkin Ville Leminen Mika Horttanainen
author_facet	Mohammad Naji Nassajfar Ivan Deviatkin Ville Leminen Mika Horttanainen
author_sort	Mohammad Naji Nassajfar
title	Alternative Materials for Printed Circuit Board Production: An Environmental Perspective
title_short	Alternative Materials for Printed Circuit Board Production: An Environmental Perspective
title_full	Alternative Materials for Printed Circuit Board Production: An Environmental Perspective
title_fullStr	Alternative Materials for Printed Circuit Board Production: An Environmental Perspective
title_full_unstemmed	Alternative Materials for Printed Circuit Board Production: An Environmental Perspective
title_sort	alternative materials for printed circuit board production: an environmental perspective
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/6a8729ce34df4462996a76212c1fe67b
work_keys_str_mv	AT mohammadnajinassajfar alternativematerialsforprintedcircuitboardproductionanenvironmentalperspective AT ivandeviatkin alternativematerialsforprintedcircuitboardproductionanenvironmentalperspective AT villeleminen alternativematerialsforprintedcircuitboardproductionanenvironmentalperspective AT mikahorttanainen alternativematerialsforprintedcircuitboardproductionanenvironmentalperspective
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Alternative Materials for Printed Circuit Board Production: An Environmental Perspective

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