110 years of Avipoxvirus in the Galapagos Islands.

The role of disease in regulating populations is controversial, partly owing to the absence of good disease records in historic wildlife populations. We examined birds collected in the Galapagos Islands between 1891 and 1906 that are currently held at the California Academy of Sciences and the Zoolo...

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Autores principales:	Patricia G Parker, Elizabeth L Buckles, Heather Farrington, Kenneth Petren, Noah K Whiteman, Robert E Ricklefs, Jennifer L Bollmer, Gustavo Jiménez-Uzcátegui
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2011
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6aa30a47fe7d4b5da269f9c906aca5aa
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6aa30a47fe7d4b5da269f9c906aca5aa2021-11-18T07:00:32Z110 years of Avipoxvirus in the Galapagos Islands.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0015989https://doaj.org/article/6aa30a47fe7d4b5da269f9c906aca5aa2011-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/21249151/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203The role of disease in regulating populations is controversial, partly owing to the absence of good disease records in historic wildlife populations. We examined birds collected in the Galapagos Islands between 1891 and 1906 that are currently held at the California Academy of Sciences and the Zoologisches Staatssammlung Muenchen, including 3973 specimens representing species from two well-studied families of endemic passerine birds: finches and mockingbirds. Beginning with samples collected in 1899, we observed cutaneous lesions consistent with Avipoxvirus on 226 (6.3%) specimens. Histopathology and viral genotyping of 59 candidate tissue samples from six islands showed that 21 (35.6%) were positive for Avipoxvirus, while alternative diagnoses for some of those testing negative by both methods were feather follicle cysts, non-specific dermatitis, or post mortem fungal colonization. Positive specimens were significantly nonrandomly distributed among islands both for mockingbirds (San Cristobal vs. Espanola, Santa Fe and Santa Cruz) and for finches (San Cristobal and Isabela vs. Santa Cruz and Floreana), and overall highly significantly distributed toward islands that were inhabited by humans (San Cristobal, Isabela, Floreana) vs. uninhabited at the time of collection (Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Espanola), with only one positive individual on an uninhabited island. Eleven of the positive specimens sequenced successfully were identical at four diagnostic sites to the two canarypox variants previously described in contemporary Galapagos passerines. We conclude that this virus was introduced late in 1890's and was dispersed among islands by a variety of mechanisms, including regular human movements among colonized islands. At present, this disease represents an ongoing threat to the birds on the Galapagos Islands.Patricia G ParkerElizabeth L BucklesHeather FarringtonKenneth PetrenNoah K WhitemanRobert E RicklefsJennifer L BollmerGustavo Jiménez-UzcáteguiPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 6, Iss 1, p e15989 (2011)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Patricia G Parker Elizabeth L Buckles Heather Farrington Kenneth Petren Noah K Whiteman Robert E Ricklefs Jennifer L Bollmer Gustavo Jiménez-Uzcátegui 110 years of Avipoxvirus in the Galapagos Islands.
description	The role of disease in regulating populations is controversial, partly owing to the absence of good disease records in historic wildlife populations. We examined birds collected in the Galapagos Islands between 1891 and 1906 that are currently held at the California Academy of Sciences and the Zoologisches Staatssammlung Muenchen, including 3973 specimens representing species from two well-studied families of endemic passerine birds: finches and mockingbirds. Beginning with samples collected in 1899, we observed cutaneous lesions consistent with Avipoxvirus on 226 (6.3%) specimens. Histopathology and viral genotyping of 59 candidate tissue samples from six islands showed that 21 (35.6%) were positive for Avipoxvirus, while alternative diagnoses for some of those testing negative by both methods were feather follicle cysts, non-specific dermatitis, or post mortem fungal colonization. Positive specimens were significantly nonrandomly distributed among islands both for mockingbirds (San Cristobal vs. Espanola, Santa Fe and Santa Cruz) and for finches (San Cristobal and Isabela vs. Santa Cruz and Floreana), and overall highly significantly distributed toward islands that were inhabited by humans (San Cristobal, Isabela, Floreana) vs. uninhabited at the time of collection (Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Espanola), with only one positive individual on an uninhabited island. Eleven of the positive specimens sequenced successfully were identical at four diagnostic sites to the two canarypox variants previously described in contemporary Galapagos passerines. We conclude that this virus was introduced late in 1890's and was dispersed among islands by a variety of mechanisms, including regular human movements among colonized islands. At present, this disease represents an ongoing threat to the birds on the Galapagos Islands.
format	article
author	Patricia G Parker Elizabeth L Buckles Heather Farrington Kenneth Petren Noah K Whiteman Robert E Ricklefs Jennifer L Bollmer Gustavo Jiménez-Uzcátegui
author_facet	Patricia G Parker Elizabeth L Buckles Heather Farrington Kenneth Petren Noah K Whiteman Robert E Ricklefs Jennifer L Bollmer Gustavo Jiménez-Uzcátegui
author_sort	Patricia G Parker
title	110 years of Avipoxvirus in the Galapagos Islands.
title_short	110 years of Avipoxvirus in the Galapagos Islands.
title_full	110 years of Avipoxvirus in the Galapagos Islands.
title_fullStr	110 years of Avipoxvirus in the Galapagos Islands.
title_full_unstemmed	110 years of Avipoxvirus in the Galapagos Islands.
title_sort	110 years of avipoxvirus in the galapagos islands.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2011
url	https://doaj.org/article/6aa30a47fe7d4b5da269f9c906aca5aa
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110 years of Avipoxvirus in the Galapagos Islands.

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