Microplastic Contamination in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract and Daily Consumables Associated with an Indonesian Farming Community

Plastic is one of the most abundant pollutants in the environment. As a result of natural physical processes, large plastic waste is degraded into microsized particles (<5 mm) called microplastics. Because of their size, abundance, and durability, microplastics are widely distributed in the envir...

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Autores principales:	Anjar Tri Wibowo, Husna Nugrahapraja, Ruri Agung Wahyuono, Izzatul Islami, Muhammad Husain Haekal, Yasri Fardiansyah, Pramudya Wisnu Wicaksono Sugiyo, Yohanes Kartjito Putro, Faiza Nur Fauzia, Heri Santoso, Friedrich Götz, Bieby Voijant Tangahu, Arif Luqman
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	microplastic human stool microplastic contamination human exposure waste management Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6ac500ff8184409593df2588849e5b4d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6ac500ff8184409593df2588849e5b4d2021-11-25T19:04:44ZMicroplastic Contamination in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract and Daily Consumables Associated with an Indonesian Farming Community10.3390/su1322128402071-1050https://doaj.org/article/6ac500ff8184409593df2588849e5b4d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/22/12840https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050Plastic is one of the most abundant pollutants in the environment. As a result of natural physical processes, large plastic waste is degraded into microsized particles (<5 mm) called microplastics. Because of their size, abundance, and durability, microplastics are widely distributed in the environment, contaminating food and water intended for human consumption. The extent of microplastic contamination in the human body is still unclear because there are few studies concerning microplastic contamination in human specimens and, in most studies, data were collected from city dwellers. Despite having the fourth largest population and being the fourth largest plastic waste producer in the world and second largest plastic polluter in the ocean, there are currently no data with respect to microplastic exposure for the Indonesian population. Several studies have reported on microplastic contamination in seafood and freshwater organisms from Indonesia, and it is likely that microplastics have contaminated the gastrointestinal tracts of Indonesians. Using Raman spectroscopy, we detected microplastic contamination in 7 out of 11 analyzed stool samples collected from a farming community in the highland village of Pacet, East Java, Indonesia. Polypropylene (PP) was the most abundant and prevalent type of microplastic observed, and it was found in four of the positive samples with an average concentration of 10.19 microgram per gram of feces (μg/g). Microplastics were also detected at high concentrations in tempeh (soybean cake, a staple protein source for Indonesians), table salts, and toothpaste, which were regularly consumed and used by the study participants. PP was particularly high in table salts (2.6 μg/g) and toothpaste (15.42 μg/g), suggesting that these products might contribute to the gastrointestinal contamination in the studied population. This pilot study indicated microplastic contamination in the rural Indonesian population and in their daily consumables, demonstrating the far-reaching extent of microplastic pollution beyond urban areas.Anjar Tri WibowoHusna NugrahaprajaRuri Agung WahyuonoIzzatul IslamiMuhammad Husain HaekalYasri FardiansyahPramudya Wisnu Wicaksono SugiyoYohanes Kartjito PutroFaiza Nur FauziaHeri SantosoFriedrich GötzBieby Voijant TangahuArif LuqmanMDPI AGarticlemicroplastichuman stoolmicroplastic contaminationhuman exposurewaste managementEnvironmental effects of industries and plantsTD194-195Renewable energy sourcesTJ807-830Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENSustainability, Vol 13, Iss 12840, p 12840 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	microplastic human stool microplastic contamination human exposure waste management Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	microplastic human stool microplastic contamination human exposure waste management Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Anjar Tri Wibowo Husna Nugrahapraja Ruri Agung Wahyuono Izzatul Islami Muhammad Husain Haekal Yasri Fardiansyah Pramudya Wisnu Wicaksono Sugiyo Yohanes Kartjito Putro Faiza Nur Fauzia Heri Santoso Friedrich Götz Bieby Voijant Tangahu Arif Luqman Microplastic Contamination in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract and Daily Consumables Associated with an Indonesian Farming Community
description	Plastic is one of the most abundant pollutants in the environment. As a result of natural physical processes, large plastic waste is degraded into microsized particles (<5 mm) called microplastics. Because of their size, abundance, and durability, microplastics are widely distributed in the environment, contaminating food and water intended for human consumption. The extent of microplastic contamination in the human body is still unclear because there are few studies concerning microplastic contamination in human specimens and, in most studies, data were collected from city dwellers. Despite having the fourth largest population and being the fourth largest plastic waste producer in the world and second largest plastic polluter in the ocean, there are currently no data with respect to microplastic exposure for the Indonesian population. Several studies have reported on microplastic contamination in seafood and freshwater organisms from Indonesia, and it is likely that microplastics have contaminated the gastrointestinal tracts of Indonesians. Using Raman spectroscopy, we detected microplastic contamination in 7 out of 11 analyzed stool samples collected from a farming community in the highland village of Pacet, East Java, Indonesia. Polypropylene (PP) was the most abundant and prevalent type of microplastic observed, and it was found in four of the positive samples with an average concentration of 10.19 microgram per gram of feces (μg/g). Microplastics were also detected at high concentrations in tempeh (soybean cake, a staple protein source for Indonesians), table salts, and toothpaste, which were regularly consumed and used by the study participants. PP was particularly high in table salts (2.6 μg/g) and toothpaste (15.42 μg/g), suggesting that these products might contribute to the gastrointestinal contamination in the studied population. This pilot study indicated microplastic contamination in the rural Indonesian population and in their daily consumables, demonstrating the far-reaching extent of microplastic pollution beyond urban areas.
format	article
author	Anjar Tri Wibowo Husna Nugrahapraja Ruri Agung Wahyuono Izzatul Islami Muhammad Husain Haekal Yasri Fardiansyah Pramudya Wisnu Wicaksono Sugiyo Yohanes Kartjito Putro Faiza Nur Fauzia Heri Santoso Friedrich Götz Bieby Voijant Tangahu Arif Luqman
author_facet	Anjar Tri Wibowo Husna Nugrahapraja Ruri Agung Wahyuono Izzatul Islami Muhammad Husain Haekal Yasri Fardiansyah Pramudya Wisnu Wicaksono Sugiyo Yohanes Kartjito Putro Faiza Nur Fauzia Heri Santoso Friedrich Götz Bieby Voijant Tangahu Arif Luqman
author_sort	Anjar Tri Wibowo
title	Microplastic Contamination in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract and Daily Consumables Associated with an Indonesian Farming Community
title_short	Microplastic Contamination in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract and Daily Consumables Associated with an Indonesian Farming Community
title_full	Microplastic Contamination in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract and Daily Consumables Associated with an Indonesian Farming Community
title_fullStr	Microplastic Contamination in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract and Daily Consumables Associated with an Indonesian Farming Community
title_full_unstemmed	Microplastic Contamination in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract and Daily Consumables Associated with an Indonesian Farming Community
title_sort	microplastic contamination in the human gastrointestinal tract and daily consumables associated with an indonesian farming community
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/6ac500ff8184409593df2588849e5b4d
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Microplastic Contamination in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract and Daily Consumables Associated with an Indonesian Farming Community

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