Comparison of Visual and Visual–Tactile Inspection of Aircraft Engine Blades

Background—In aircraft engine maintenance, the majority of parts, including engine blades, are inspected visually for any damage to ensure a safe operation. While this process is called visual inspection, there are other human senses encompassed in this process such as tactile perception. Thus, ther...

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Autores principales:	Jonas Aust, Antonija Mitrovic, Dirk Pons
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	visual inspection defect detection tactile perception aircraft maintenance aviation engine blades Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics TL1-4050
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6ac50d1f54084f06b33674cdfa108463
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6ac50d1f54084f06b33674cdfa1084632021-11-25T15:57:04ZComparison of Visual and Visual–Tactile Inspection of Aircraft Engine Blades10.3390/aerospace81103132226-4310https://doaj.org/article/6ac50d1f54084f06b33674cdfa1084632021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/8/11/313https://doaj.org/toc/2226-4310Background—In aircraft engine maintenance, the majority of parts, including engine blades, are inspected visually for any damage to ensure a safe operation. While this process is called visual inspection, there are other human senses encompassed in this process such as tactile perception. Thus, there is a need to better understand the effect of the tactile component on visual inspection performance and whether this effect is consistent for different defect types and expertise groups. Method—This study comprised three experiments, each designed to test different levels of visual and tactile abilities. In each experiment, six industry practitioners of three expertise groups inspected the same sample of N = 26 blades. A two-week interval was allowed between the experiments. Inspection performance was measured in terms of inspection accuracy, inspection time, and defect classification accuracy. Results—The results showed that unrestrained vision and the addition of tactile perception led to higher inspection accuracies of 76.9% and 84.0%, respectively, compared to screen-based inspection with 70.5% accuracy. An improvement was also noted in classification accuracy, as 39.1%, 67.5%, and 79.4% of defects were correctly classified in screen-based, full vision and visual–tactile inspection, respectively. The shortest inspection time was measured for screen-based inspection (18.134 s) followed by visual–tactile (22.140 s) and full vision (25.064 s). Dents benefited the most from the tactile sense, while the false positive rate remained unchanged across all experiments. Nicks and dents were the most difficult to detect and classify and were often confused by operators. Conclusions—Visual inspection in combination with tactile perception led to better performance in inspecting engine blades than visual inspection alone. This has implications for industrial training programmes for fault detection.Jonas AustAntonija MitrovicDirk PonsMDPI AGarticlevisual inspectiondefect detectiontactile perceptionaircraft maintenanceaviationengine bladesMotor vehicles. Aeronautics. AstronauticsTL1-4050ENAerospace, Vol 8, Iss 313, p 313 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	visual inspection defect detection tactile perception aircraft maintenance aviation engine blades Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics TL1-4050
spellingShingle	visual inspection defect detection tactile perception aircraft maintenance aviation engine blades Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics TL1-4050 Jonas Aust Antonija Mitrovic Dirk Pons Comparison of Visual and Visual–Tactile Inspection of Aircraft Engine Blades
description	Background—In aircraft engine maintenance, the majority of parts, including engine blades, are inspected visually for any damage to ensure a safe operation. While this process is called visual inspection, there are other human senses encompassed in this process such as tactile perception. Thus, there is a need to better understand the effect of the tactile component on visual inspection performance and whether this effect is consistent for different defect types and expertise groups. Method—This study comprised three experiments, each designed to test different levels of visual and tactile abilities. In each experiment, six industry practitioners of three expertise groups inspected the same sample of N = 26 blades. A two-week interval was allowed between the experiments. Inspection performance was measured in terms of inspection accuracy, inspection time, and defect classification accuracy. Results—The results showed that unrestrained vision and the addition of tactile perception led to higher inspection accuracies of 76.9% and 84.0%, respectively, compared to screen-based inspection with 70.5% accuracy. An improvement was also noted in classification accuracy, as 39.1%, 67.5%, and 79.4% of defects were correctly classified in screen-based, full vision and visual–tactile inspection, respectively. The shortest inspection time was measured for screen-based inspection (18.134 s) followed by visual–tactile (22.140 s) and full vision (25.064 s). Dents benefited the most from the tactile sense, while the false positive rate remained unchanged across all experiments. Nicks and dents were the most difficult to detect and classify and were often confused by operators. Conclusions—Visual inspection in combination with tactile perception led to better performance in inspecting engine blades than visual inspection alone. This has implications for industrial training programmes for fault detection.
format	article
author	Jonas Aust Antonija Mitrovic Dirk Pons
author_facet	Jonas Aust Antonija Mitrovic Dirk Pons
author_sort	Jonas Aust
title	Comparison of Visual and Visual–Tactile Inspection of Aircraft Engine Blades
title_short	Comparison of Visual and Visual–Tactile Inspection of Aircraft Engine Blades
title_full	Comparison of Visual and Visual–Tactile Inspection of Aircraft Engine Blades
title_fullStr	Comparison of Visual and Visual–Tactile Inspection of Aircraft Engine Blades
title_full_unstemmed	Comparison of Visual and Visual–Tactile Inspection of Aircraft Engine Blades
title_sort	comparison of visual and visual–tactile inspection of aircraft engine blades
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/6ac50d1f54084f06b33674cdfa108463
work_keys_str_mv	AT jonasaust comparisonofvisualandvisualtactileinspectionofaircraftengineblades AT antonijamitrovic comparisonofvisualandvisualtactileinspectionofaircraftengineblades AT dirkpons comparisonofvisualandvisualtactileinspectionofaircraftengineblades
_version_	1718413383176290304

Comparison of Visual and Visual–Tactile Inspection of Aircraft Engine Blades

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