Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Rano Raraku crater lake basin: Geochemical characterization and implications for the Ahu-Moai Period.

Rano Raraku, the crater lake constrained by basaltic tuff that served as the primary quarry used to construct the moai statues on Rapa Nui (Easter Island), has experienced fluctuations in lake level over the past centuries. As one of the only freshwater sources on the island, understanding the prese...

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Autores principales:	E Argiriadis, M Bortolini, N M Kehrwald, M Roman, C Turetta, S Hanif, E O Erhenhi, J M Ramirez Aliaga, D B McWethy, A E Myrbo, A Pauchard, C Barbante, D Battistel
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6ac6846a2106424b8c39f50979bc2054
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6ac6846a2106424b8c39f50979bc20542021-12-02T20:13:43ZRapa Nui (Easter Island) Rano Raraku crater lake basin: Geochemical characterization and implications for the Ahu-Moai Period.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0254793https://doaj.org/article/6ac6846a2106424b8c39f50979bc20542021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254793https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Rano Raraku, the crater lake constrained by basaltic tuff that served as the primary quarry used to construct the moai statues on Rapa Nui (Easter Island), has experienced fluctuations in lake level over the past centuries. As one of the only freshwater sources on the island, understanding the present and past geochemical characteristics of the lake water is critical to understand if the lake could have been a viable freshwater source for Rapa Nui. At the time of sampling in September 2017, the maximum lake depth was ~1 m. The lake level has substantially declined in the subsequent years, with the lake drying almost completely in January 2018. The lake is currently characterized by highly anoxic conditions, with a predominance of ammonium ions on nitrates, a high concentration of organic carbon in the water-sediment interface and reducing conditions of the lake, as evidenced by Mn/Fe and Cr/V ratios. Our estimates of past salinity inferred from the chloride mass balance indicates that it was unlikely that Rano Raraku provided a viable freshwater source for early Rapa Nui people. The installation of an outlet pipe around 1950 that was active until the late 1970s, as well as grazing of horses on the lake margins appear to have significantly impacted the geochemical conditions of Rano Raraku sediments and lake water in recent decades. Such impacts are distinct from natural environmental changes and highlight the need to consider the sensitivity of the lake geochemistry to human activities.E ArgiriadisM BortoliniN M KehrwaldM RomanC TurettaS HanifE O ErhenhiJ M Ramirez AliagaD B McWethyA E MyrboA PauchardC BarbanteD BattistelPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 10, p e0254793 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q E Argiriadis M Bortolini N M Kehrwald M Roman C Turetta S Hanif E O Erhenhi J M Ramirez Aliaga D B McWethy A E Myrbo A Pauchard C Barbante D Battistel Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Rano Raraku crater lake basin: Geochemical characterization and implications for the Ahu-Moai Period.
description	Rano Raraku, the crater lake constrained by basaltic tuff that served as the primary quarry used to construct the moai statues on Rapa Nui (Easter Island), has experienced fluctuations in lake level over the past centuries. As one of the only freshwater sources on the island, understanding the present and past geochemical characteristics of the lake water is critical to understand if the lake could have been a viable freshwater source for Rapa Nui. At the time of sampling in September 2017, the maximum lake depth was ~1 m. The lake level has substantially declined in the subsequent years, with the lake drying almost completely in January 2018. The lake is currently characterized by highly anoxic conditions, with a predominance of ammonium ions on nitrates, a high concentration of organic carbon in the water-sediment interface and reducing conditions of the lake, as evidenced by Mn/Fe and Cr/V ratios. Our estimates of past salinity inferred from the chloride mass balance indicates that it was unlikely that Rano Raraku provided a viable freshwater source for early Rapa Nui people. The installation of an outlet pipe around 1950 that was active until the late 1970s, as well as grazing of horses on the lake margins appear to have significantly impacted the geochemical conditions of Rano Raraku sediments and lake water in recent decades. Such impacts are distinct from natural environmental changes and highlight the need to consider the sensitivity of the lake geochemistry to human activities.
format	article
author	E Argiriadis M Bortolini N M Kehrwald M Roman C Turetta S Hanif E O Erhenhi J M Ramirez Aliaga D B McWethy A E Myrbo A Pauchard C Barbante D Battistel
author_facet	E Argiriadis M Bortolini N M Kehrwald M Roman C Turetta S Hanif E O Erhenhi J M Ramirez Aliaga D B McWethy A E Myrbo A Pauchard C Barbante D Battistel
author_sort	E Argiriadis
title	Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Rano Raraku crater lake basin: Geochemical characterization and implications for the Ahu-Moai Period.
title_short	Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Rano Raraku crater lake basin: Geochemical characterization and implications for the Ahu-Moai Period.
title_full	Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Rano Raraku crater lake basin: Geochemical characterization and implications for the Ahu-Moai Period.
title_fullStr	Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Rano Raraku crater lake basin: Geochemical characterization and implications for the Ahu-Moai Period.
title_full_unstemmed	Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Rano Raraku crater lake basin: Geochemical characterization and implications for the Ahu-Moai Period.
title_sort	rapa nui (easter island) rano raraku crater lake basin: geochemical characterization and implications for the ahu-moai period.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/6ac6846a2106424b8c39f50979bc2054
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Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Rano Raraku crater lake basin: Geochemical characterization and implications for the Ahu-Moai Period.

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