Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Wild Beets (Beta spp.) from the Western Iberian Peninsula and the Azores and Madeira Islands

In this work, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, we present new insights into the genetic diversity, differentiation, and structure of Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima of western Iberia and the Azores and Madeira islands and of B. macrocarpa</i...

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Autores principales:	Maria Manuela Veloso, Maria Cristina Simões-Costa, Joana Bagoin Guimarães, Carla Marques Ribeiro, Isabel Evaristo, Dalila Espírito-Santo, Cândido Pinto-Ricardo, Octávio S. Paulo, Maria Cristina Duarte
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	wild beet populations Iberian Peninsula <i>F</i>-statistics genetic differentiation population structuring admixture Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/6bca7e2b910c45e5a302e007c2b529a2
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:6bca7e2b910c45e5a302e007c2b529a22021-11-25T17:22:59ZGenetic Diversity and Population Structure of Wild Beets (<i>Beta</i> spp.) from the Western Iberian Peninsula and the Azores and Madeira Islands10.3390/d131105931424-2818https://doaj.org/article/6bca7e2b910c45e5a302e007c2b529a22021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/13/11/593https://doaj.org/toc/1424-2818In this work, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, we present new insights into the genetic diversity, differentiation, and structure of <i>Beta vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i> of western Iberia and the Azores and Madeira islands and of <i>B. macrocarpa</i> from southern Portugal. <i>B. macrocarpa</i> occurs only in southern Portugal and frequently in sympatry with <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i>, showing genetic introgression. <i>B. macrocarpa</i> has a better-defined structure than <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i>, which has a high degree of admixture. A great differentiation (F<sub>ST</sub> ranging from 0.277 to 0.184) was observed among the northern populations of <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i>. In contrast, only a small differentiation (F<sub>ST</sub> ranging from 0.000 to 0.026) was detected among the southern <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i> populations. The inland <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i> populations (“RIO” and “VMT”) are distinct from each other, which also occurs with the two islands’ populations (“MAD” and “AZO”). The existence of two distinct Atlantic Sea currents can explain the fact that Madeira is related to the southern populations, while the Azores is related to the northern populations. We consider that understanding the relationships existing within <i>Beta</i> spp. is key to future genetic studies and for the establishment of conservation measures. Our results show that the southern coastal areas of Portugal should be considered as a potential site for in situ conservation of the beet wild relatives. Special attention is needed in what concerns <i>B. macrocarpa</i> because this is a rare species that also occurs in a sympatric relationship with <i>B</i>. <i>vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i>.Maria Manuela VelosoMaria Cristina Simões-CostaJoana Bagoin GuimarãesCarla Marques RibeiroIsabel EvaristoDalila Espírito-SantoCândido Pinto-RicardoOctávio S. PauloMaria Cristina DuarteMDPI AGarticlewild beet populationsIberian Peninsula<i>F</i>-statisticsgenetic differentiationpopulation structuringadmixtureBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENDiversity, Vol 13, Iss 593, p 593 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	wild beet populations Iberian Peninsula <i>F</i>-statistics genetic differentiation population structuring admixture Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	wild beet populations Iberian Peninsula <i>F</i>-statistics genetic differentiation population structuring admixture Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Maria Manuela Veloso Maria Cristina Simões-Costa Joana Bagoin Guimarães Carla Marques Ribeiro Isabel Evaristo Dalila Espírito-Santo Cândido Pinto-Ricardo Octávio S. Paulo Maria Cristina Duarte Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Wild Beets (<i>Beta</i> spp.) from the Western Iberian Peninsula and the Azores and Madeira Islands
description	In this work, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, we present new insights into the genetic diversity, differentiation, and structure of <i>Beta vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i> of western Iberia and the Azores and Madeira islands and of <i>B. macrocarpa</i> from southern Portugal. <i>B. macrocarpa</i> occurs only in southern Portugal and frequently in sympatry with <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i>, showing genetic introgression. <i>B. macrocarpa</i> has a better-defined structure than <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i>, which has a high degree of admixture. A great differentiation (F<sub>ST</sub> ranging from 0.277 to 0.184) was observed among the northern populations of <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i>. In contrast, only a small differentiation (F<sub>ST</sub> ranging from 0.000 to 0.026) was detected among the southern <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i> populations. The inland <i>B. vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i> populations (“RIO” and “VMT”) are distinct from each other, which also occurs with the two islands’ populations (“MAD” and “AZO”). The existence of two distinct Atlantic Sea currents can explain the fact that Madeira is related to the southern populations, while the Azores is related to the northern populations. We consider that understanding the relationships existing within <i>Beta</i> spp. is key to future genetic studies and for the establishment of conservation measures. Our results show that the southern coastal areas of Portugal should be considered as a potential site for in situ conservation of the beet wild relatives. Special attention is needed in what concerns <i>B. macrocarpa</i> because this is a rare species that also occurs in a sympatric relationship with <i>B</i>. <i>vulgaris</i> subsp. <i>maritima</i>.
format	article
author	Maria Manuela Veloso Maria Cristina Simões-Costa Joana Bagoin Guimarães Carla Marques Ribeiro Isabel Evaristo Dalila Espírito-Santo Cândido Pinto-Ricardo Octávio S. Paulo Maria Cristina Duarte
author_facet	Maria Manuela Veloso Maria Cristina Simões-Costa Joana Bagoin Guimarães Carla Marques Ribeiro Isabel Evaristo Dalila Espírito-Santo Cândido Pinto-Ricardo Octávio S. Paulo Maria Cristina Duarte
author_sort	Maria Manuela Veloso
title	Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Wild Beets (<i>Beta</i> spp.) from the Western Iberian Peninsula and the Azores and Madeira Islands
title_short	Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Wild Beets (<i>Beta</i> spp.) from the Western Iberian Peninsula and the Azores and Madeira Islands
title_full	Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Wild Beets (<i>Beta</i> spp.) from the Western Iberian Peninsula and the Azores and Madeira Islands
title_fullStr	Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Wild Beets (<i>Beta</i> spp.) from the Western Iberian Peninsula and the Azores and Madeira Islands
title_full_unstemmed	Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Wild Beets (<i>Beta</i> spp.) from the Western Iberian Peninsula and the Azores and Madeira Islands
title_sort	genetic diversity and population structure of wild beets (<i>beta</i> spp.) from the western iberian peninsula and the azores and madeira islands
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/6bca7e2b910c45e5a302e007c2b529a2
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Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Wild Beets (<i>Beta</i> spp.) from the Western Iberian Peninsula and the Azores and Madeira Islands

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